<p>Isla Chañaral  is located 6 km off-shore from the northern Central Chilean coast, some 100 km north of the city of La Serena. Together with Isla Choros and Isla Damas, the island forms the Humboldt Penguin National Reserve, which is administered by the Chilean Forestry Corporation . All three islands support populations of Humboldt penguins, but are also habitat for several other rare and endangered animal species such as the Peruvian diving petrel or the South American marine otter. In recent years the reserve has experienced a strong increase in tourist activities, mainly due to the presence of bottlenose dolphins that reside in the waters of the reserve. However, recently local fishermen reported increasing spells of dolphin absence which scientist believe might be connected to disturbance from these largely unregulated activities.</p><br>
<p>Isla Chañaral is the biggest of the reserve’s islands. Access to the island restricted by permit only. The island consists of two plateau levels. The main plateau between 50 and 70 meters above sea level is divided into a western and an eastern part by a second high plateau (&gt;100 m). The vegetation of the plateaus differs considerably. While the main plateau is dominated by shrub and cacti the high plateau has a barren appearance with only few small cactus aggregations.</p><br>
<p>The Burkhan Khaldun  is one of the Khentii Mountains in the Khentii Province of northeastern Mongolia. The mountain or its locality is believed to be the birthplace of Genghis Khan as well as his tomb. It is also the birthplace of one of his most successful generals: Subutai.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is part of the 12,000 km&sup2; Khan Khentii Strictly Protected Area established in 1992. It had strong religious significance before Genghis Khan made it a powerful landmark and is considered the most sacred mountain in Mongolia since it was designated as sacred by Genghis Khan. It was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site on 4 July 2015 under the title "Great Burkhan Khaldun Mountain and its surrounding sacred landscape." Under a Presidential Decree of 1955 the worship of this mountain has been formalised and the mountain declared a national monument. Its ecosystem is complex with unique biodiversity with flora of the Central Asian steppe. It has 50 species of fauna and 253 species of birds.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Burkhan Khaldun is in the northeast of Mongolia in the middle of the Khentii mountain range.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Burkhan Khaldun means the "God Mountain" and is also called Khentii Khan (The King of the Khentii Mountain range). It is the highest mountain of the region, rising to an elevation of 2,362 m, and is crescent-shaped. It is the source of several rivers: the Onon and Kherlen rivers flow into the Amur, which has its outfall in the Pacific Ocean; and the rivers Tuul, Kharaa and Yeruu flow northwards to join the Selenge, which empties into the Arctic Ocean. It is in a complex ecosystem with unique biodiversity which is defined as a "transition zone from Siberian permafrost land forms to great steppe".</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Genghis Khan (also known as Chinggis Khan) lost his battle against the Merkit (one of the major tribal confederations (khanlig) of the Mongols) and escaped death by seeking protection in the sacred precincts of the Burkhan Khaldun mountains. An old woman saved him and a few others. As mark of great reverence, which in Mongolia is considered a highly sacred mountain of spiritual significance, and to the sun above, he offered his respects to the spirits of the mountain around him, sprayed milk into the air and sprinkled it on the earth. He removed his girdle strap, unwinding it from his outfit, and then put it around his neck. Symbolically by this act he surrendered his Mongolian man&#39;s pride and expressed his submission to the gods.</p><br>
<p>He took off his hat, crossed his hand across his chest and knelt in obeisance nine times offering worship to the sun and the mountain. He spent three days on the mountain offering prayers and thus established a strong bond of spirituality with the mountain and derived special strength from it. In the Secret History of the Mongols, Genghis Khan, who later became the "World Conqueror" believing in his own destiny, said:</p><br>
<p>Genghis Khan then started his campaign to unify the land and people of Mongolia as a strong force. He gave the Burkhan Khaldun the status of a royal sacred mountain. The history is chronicled in the Secret History of the Mongols, which UNESCO recognised in 1990 as a "literary creation of outstanding universal significance". In this document Burkhan Khaldun is described in detail and mentioned 27 times, which signifies the unique position of the mountain in Mongolia‘s heritage. This document establishes the authenticity of the site, stating:</p><br>
<p>A Presidential Decree of 1955 formalised the worship of the Burkhan Khaldun Mountain as a national monument. Special worship is offered to the mountain according to a prescribed procedure at the main "Ovoo of the Heaven&quot it is reserved for a few officials of the state and local administration, shamans and a few Buddhist lamas (monks).</p><br>
<h2>World Heritage status</h2><br>
<p>Burkhan Khaldun was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site at the 39th session of the World Heritage Committee on 4 July 2015 under the title "Great Burkhan Khaldun Mountain and its surrounding sacred landscape", covering an area of 443,739 hectare and an additional buffer zone of 271,651 hectare, categorised under Criterion (iv) for its unique cultural tradition of mountain and nature worship of past several millennium, and (vi) for its universally known historical and literary epic of immense importance.</p><br>
<h2>Religious significance</h2><br>
<p>Burkhan Khaldun has a spiritual significance unmatched by any other mountain in Mongolia and is given the symbolic status of the “cradle” of Mongolia&#39;s nationhood fully representing the "heritage and traditional ways of life of nomadic people of Mongolia". The (unconfirmed) Mongolian belief that Genghis Khan was born here and is buried somewhere in this mountain has added to its sanctity, particularly since Khan offered worship here and declared the mountain as the most sacred in the country.</p><br>
<p>It has given authenticity to the spiritual nature of the mountain. As a result, regular pilgrimage is undertaken by the people to the three sacred major ovoos or stone cairns at the sacred sites along a specified route where Mongolian shamanic worship is offered. The specified route is unique and covers: Main Ovoo of Heaven at the pinnacle of the mountain via Gurvan Khoriud ("Three Forbidden Precincts"); the Uud Mod ("Two Trees of Entrance"); the Bosgo Tengeriin Davaa ("Threshold Pass of Heaven"); the catchment of the Kherlen River and the Sacred Bogd Rivers; and finally to the Beliin ("Lowest") ovoo.</p><br>
<h2>Flora</h2><br>
<p>The flora found in the mountain belongs to the Central Asian steppe and consists of coniferous forests of the taiga. The plant species reported are 28 listed in the Mongolian Red Book, 15 very rare species, and 28 species listed as rare species. The species listed in the IUCN Red List are found here: two critically endangered species, four endangered species, and eight vulnerable species.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>In the faunal geographical province of the Burkhan Khaldun Mountain in the Khentii district the fauna reported are more than "50 species of 27 genera of six orders including five species of mammals/insectivores, 4 species of hymenoptera, four species of lagomorpha, 19 species of rodents, 13 species of predators, five species of ungulate, one species of reptile, and 253 species of birds". According to the Mongolian Red Data Book the very rare mammal species are musk deer (Moshus moshiferus) and moose (Alces alces); the very rare bird species are the Siberian white crane (Grus luecogeranus), Greater spotted eagle (Aquila clanga), Pallas’s fish eagle (Haliaeetus leucoryphus), white-naped crane (Grus vipio) and hooded crane (Grus monacha); the fish species is the Amur sturgeon (Acipenser schrenckii).</p><br>
<p>The Wiehen Hills  are a hill range in North Rhine-Westphalia and Lower Saxony in Germany. The hills run from west to east like a long finger away from the main upland area of the Lower Saxon Hills, beginning at the Weser River near Minden and terminating in the vicinity of Osnabrück.</p><br>
<p>It is the northernmost of the German Central Upland ranges extending into the Northern Lowlands.</p><br>
<p>Their highest hill is the Heidbrink near Lübbecke with an altitude of 320 m.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Wiehen Hills lie within the districts of Osnabrück, Minden-Lübbecke and Herford. Their northern section runs in an east-west direction roughly from the territory of Bramsche (northwest of Osnabrück) via Ostercappeln, Bad Essen, Preußisch Oldendorf and Rödinghausen, Lübbecke, Hüllhorst and Bad Oeynhausen as far as the towns of Minden and Porta Westfalica on the Porta Westfalica gorge and River Weser. They also graze Bohmte and Hille to the north. South of the Wiehen Hills lie Osnabrück, Bissendorf, Melle, Kirchlengern, Bünde, Löhne and Bad Oeynhausen.</p><br>
<p>The Wiehen Hills form the northwestern boundary of the Lower Saxon Hills to which they belong geographically, together with the Westphalian part of the ridge.</p><br>
<p>Whilst the eastern end of the hill chain is clearly defined by the Porta Westfalica gorge and the hill of Wittekindsberg, this is not so simple for its western extremity. To the west the Wiehen descends gradually, transitioning from a hilly ridge into a chain of hillocks and then descending almost imperceptibly into the plain. South of Bramsche the ridge rises again at the Penter Egge to a height of 99 metre, but 2.5 km further west it reaches the level of the surrounding countryside. The waterways of the Mittelland Canal and Osnabrück Canal running away to the south appear to mark the end of the hill range, but west of these canals is the 82 metre high Larberger Egge which forms the westernmost cornerstone of the Wiehen Hills, rising just 2 km northeast of the boundary with the province of Münster. Contrary to popular assumption, Ibbenbüren is no longer considered to be situated by the Wiehen Hills and the Ibbenbüren Plateau (Ibbenbürener Bergplatte comprising the Schafberg, etc.) is no longer part of the Wiehen. Geological reasons, according to current research, do not support such an assumption.</p><br>
<p>To the north, the Wiehen descends to the North German Plain into a region known as the Lübbecke Loessland. On the banks of the Weser, opposite Porta Westfalica, lies the Wesergebirge, which is the eastern continuation of the Wiehen Hills. This ridge is of similar geological construction and runs as far as the area of Hessisch Oldendorf to the Süntel hills. Southeast of the Wiehen Hills are the Lippe Uplands, to the south the Ravensberg Hills, to the southwest in the area of the Tecklenburg Land are the northern foothills of the Teutoburg Forest, and to the northwest are the hills of the Gehn and the Ankum Heights, the Damme Hills and the Stemweder Berg. North of the northwestern tip of the Wiehen liest the great bog of the Großes Moor.</p><br>
<h2>Hills</h2><br>
<p>The hills of the Wiehen range from west to east are:</p><br>
<h3>Northernmost German uplands</h3><br>
<p>According to folklore, regionally conscious residents around the hills usually admit grudgingly that the Wiehen Hills are not particularly high. In the same breath, they may assert, often with a raised index finger and an odd emphasis on the word gebirge ("hill/mountain range"), that they are the northernmost hill range in Germany and the one closest to the sea.</p><br>
<p>Whether this assertion is true is in fact a matter of definition. It clearly ignores the morainic ridges further north and closer to the sea, as well as other true uplands such as the Stemweder Berg or the Rehburg Hills. Of course, these hills are much lower and do not reach the 200-metre contour line.</p><br>
<p>Of the higher, say up to 300 metre high uplands, the northern foothills of Deister and Bückeberge extend farther north than the eastern Wiehen range. However, it is also true that the highest part of the Wiehen Hills at Lübbecke has the most northerly hill over 300 metres in Germany. The almost 320 metre high Heidbrink is also the northernmost "300" on the European continent between the central Ural Mountains and the Atlantic, i.e. excluding the British Isles and Fennoscandinavia.</p><br>
<p>The Hoher Meissner is a mountain massif with a height of 753.6 m and is located in the Meissner Kaufunger nature park in Hesse, Germany.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Hoher Meissner is densely forested and covers an area of 10 km by 5 km. It is located approximately between Eschwege and Grossalmerode as well as Bad Sooden-Allendorf and Waldkappel. Together with large parts of the Kaufungen Forest and the Soehre forest it forms the very extensive Naturpark Meissner-Kaufunger Wald.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>In the Tertiary period the area was covered by thick forests. From these forests, lignite deposits were formed, which were then covered by sand and lava. The basalt formations have been eroded by weathering and were much higher at one time.</p><br>
<h2>Geomorphology</h2><br>
<h3>Highest mountain in northeast Hesse</h3><br>
<p>The Meissner peak is not the highest point in northern Hesse, even if it is commonly held to be. In northwest Hesse lie some mountains which are substantially higher. Therefore, the Kasseler crest, with an elevation of 753.6 m, is the highest peak in northeast Hesse, but not in all of Hesse.</p><br>
<h3>Mountains</h3><br>
<p>Kasseler Kuppe (753.6 m)</p><br>
<p>Kasseler Stein (748 m)</p><br>
<p>Kalbe (720 m)</p><br>
<p>Heiligenberg am Meissner (583 m)</p><br>
<p>Bühlchen am Meissner (537 m)</p><br>
<h2>Lookout points</h2><br>
<p>From different locations on the Meissner one can enjoy wonderful views:</p><br>
<p>Calf: From this basalt crest, approximately 720 m high, there are views of the Werra Valley ("Werratal") and the Eichsfeld-Hainich-Werratal nature park. One can also see the Harz Mountains, the Thuringian Forest and the Rhön Mountains. This lookout point can only be reached on foot - e.g. by the path which begins at the Mother Hulda Pond (German: Frau-Holle-Teich).</p><br>
<p>Schwalbenthal: This spot is easier to reach than the „Kalbe,“ but the views are hardly less attractive; it lies about 100 m lower, at a fork in the road, slightly below the "Stinksteinwand." Here there is a parking lot (elevation 620 m) with splendid views of Meissner-Vockerode, and, in the distance, Thuringia.</p><br>
<p>Meissnerhaus: Views from the southwest side of the mountain include, among other things, the ranges of the Kellerwald, the Habichtswald and the Kaufunger Wald.</p><br>
<h2>Mining</h2><br>
<p>The lignite mining industry began around 1560, after gloss coal bits were discovered in a brook, and persisted until 1929. The coal was used,for example, as fuel for salt production in Bad Sooden Allendorf and at the large power station in Kassel.</p><br>
<p>Stinksteinwand and Schwalbenthal: Striking evidence of the centuries-long practice of mining on the Meissner is given by the so-called Stinksteinwand ("stinking stone wall"), located above Schwalbenthal on the east face of the mountain. In former times coal was extracted there, by sub-surface mining. This coal was prone to spontaneous combustion, and for centuries people on the surface have seen and smelled the smoke from the smoldering fires in the subterranean coal seams. Even in recent times all attempts to extinguish these fires have failed, so that one can often notice a sulfur-like smell -- sometimes quite strong -- at the Schwalbenthal parking lot or beyond. Slightly below the Stinksteinwand lies the Gasthaus Schwalbenthal inn, the last remaining building in a mining industry settlement of about 10 houses, demolished because of the danger of landslides.</p><br>
<p>Bransrode: Bransrode, on the northwest side of the mountain massif, is the site of the last sub-surface coal mine in the area, which was closed in 1929. Immediately thereafter, the quarrying of basalt began, which continued until 2003.</p><br>
<p>Kalbe (former open pit mine): From 1949 to 1974 lignite coal was mined at Kalbe. Since then, the former mine has filled with water which is up to 30 m deep and which has a surface area of 20,000 m². The pit&#39;s impressive basalt shelves rise above the lake. In order to access the coal seams, the basalt over it had to be removed. It was dumped down the mountain slope, where it formed piles which can be seen today.</p><br>
<h2>Transmission facility</h2><br>
<p>The Hoher Meissner transmitter is a facility for medium-wave, FM- and TV-broadcasting. The complex is made up of three guyed lattice steel masts, the tallest of which is 220 metres high, and a 40-metre free-standing lattice tower.</p><br>
<p>The Truckee Range is a mountain range located in western Nevada in the United States. The border between Washoe County and Churchill County runs along the ridge. The ridge runs north-south for approximately 30 miles.</p><br>
<p>The Fernley Sink is to the south of the range. The Truckee River runs through the valley to the west of the range. Across that valley is the Pah Rah Range. Hot Springs Flat is to the east. To the north, Coyote Canyon separates the Truckee Range from the Nightingale Mountains.</p><br>
<p>The principal peaks in the Truckee Range (in order from north to south) are Black Warrior Peak at 6,338 ft, Juniper Peak 7,209 ft and Two Tips 7,074 ft. Black Warrior Peak consists of a steep-sided round-topped peak set on top of a low ridge, which makes it dominate the eastern skyline in the southern Pyramid Lake area despite its relatively short height.</p><br>
<p>The Truckee Range is criss-crossed by old mining claims, although it currently has no active mines. Surface runoff from the slopes of this range which drain to the Truckee River has been analyzed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency using the DSSAM Model.</p><br>
<p>Silver City is a ghost town in Owyhee County, Idaho, United States. At its height in the 1880s, it was a gold and silver mining town with a population of around 2,500 and approximately 75 businesses. Silver City served as county seat of Owyhee County from 1867 to 1934. Today, the town has about 70 standing buildings, all of which are privately owned. Many of the owners are third- or fourth-generation descendants of the original miners. There are a handful of small businesses, but no gas or service stations. The property is now owned by the Bureau of Land Management.</p><br>
<p>Silver City was founded in 1864 soon after silver was discovered at nearby War Eagle Mountain (elev. 8,065 ft). The settlement grew quickly and was soon considered one of the major cities in Idaho Territory. The first daily newspaper and telegraph office in Idaho Territory were established in Silver City. The town was also among the first places in present-day Idaho to receive electric and telephone service.</p><br>
<p>The placer and quartz vein mines became depleted around the time Idaho became a state in 1890. Due in part to its extremely remote location, Silver City began a slow decline but was never completely abandoned. Small-scale mining continued off and on until World War II; the last mine to be operated all year round in Silver City was the "Potossi," managed by Ned Williams.</p><br>
<p>The Idaho Hotel in Silver City was restored and re-opened for tourists in 1972. It relies on the use of propane refrigerators and stoves in order to supply cold drinks and snacks or a complete meal to guests during the summer months. The rooms are fitted with indoor plumbing and furnished with antiques, making it a tourist destination.</p><br>
<p>In 1972, the townsite and its environs were listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a historic district, the Silver City Historic District, with a total area of 10,240 acre.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Silver City is located at an elevation of 6,179 ft above sea level. It is located 25 mi southwest of Murphy (elev. 2,820 ft), via a dirt road.</p><br>
<p>Rowan Oak, also known as William Faulkner House, is William Faulkners former home in Oxford, Mississippi. It is a primitive Greek Revival house built in the 1840s by Robert Sheegog. Faulkner purchased the house when it was in disrepair in the 1930s and did many of the renovations himself. Other renovations were done in the 1950s. The house sits on 4 landscaped and twenty nine acres of largely wooded property known as Baileys Woods. One of its more famous features is the outline of Faulkner&#39;s Pulitzer Prize–winning novel A Fable, penciled in graphite and red on the plaster wall of his study. Though the "rowan oak" is a mythical tree, the grounds and surrounding woods of Rowan Oak contain hundreds of species of native Mississippi plants, most of which date back to antebellum times. The alley of cedars that lines the driveway was common in the 19th century. The studs of the house are 4"x4" square cypress, which were hand-hewn. Faulkner drew much inspiration for his treatment of multi-layered Time from Rowan Oak, where past and future seemed to inhabit the present.</p><br>
<p>In 1972, his daughter, Jill Faulkner Summers, sold the house to the University of Mississippi. The University maintains the home in order to promote Faulkners literary heritage. Tours are available. The home has been visited by such writers as John Updike, Czesław Miłosz, Charles Simic, Richard Ford, James Lee Burke, Bei Dao, Charles Wright, Charles Frazier, Alice Walker, the Coen brothers, Bobbie Ann Mason, Salman Rushdie, and others. Writer Mark Richard once repaired a faulty doorknob on the French door to Faulkners study.</p><br>
<p>Rowan Oak was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1968.</p><br>
<p>After its most recent renovations, some of which were funded by part-time Oxford resident and Ole Miss law school alumnus, John Grisham, Rowan Oak was rededicated on May 1, 2005.</p><br>
<p>The current curator of Rowan Oak is William Griffith. Past curators include the novelists Howard Bahr and Cynthia Shearer. The original curator was Bev Smith, an Ole Miss alum, who was responsible for finding a great deal of Faulkner&#39;s original manuscripts hidden within the home.</p><br>
<p>Fort D. A. Russell is the name of an American military installation near Marfa, Texas, that was active from 1911 to 1946. Its namesake is David Allen Russell, a Civil War general killed at the Battle of Opequon, September 19, 1864.</p><br>
<p>It was established in 1911 as Camp Albert, a base for cavalry and air reconnaissance units sent to protect West Texas from Mexican bandits after the Pancho Villa raid.</p><br>
<p>The base was expanded and renamed Camp Marfa during World War I. In the interwar years, the base became the headquarters for the Marfa Command, which replaced the Big Bend District. In 1924, a patrol called the Mounted Watchmen was established to deter persons from crossing the Rio Grande into the United States.</p><br>
<p>In 1930, the base was renamed Fort D. A. Russell. The name had been used on a previous military base in Wyoming; the name became available when that post was renamed Fort Francis E. Warren.</p><br>
<p>The base was briefly abandoned during the Great Depression. On January 2, 1933, the Army closed the post, and reactivated it in 1935 as the home base of the 77th Field Artillery.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, the post was expanded and used as an air base, a base for a WAC unit, a training facility for chemical mortar battalions, and a base for troops guarding the USA-Mexican border. The Marfa Army Airfield was constructed nearby and was used as pilot training facility.</p><br>
<p>German prisoners of war were also housed in a POW camp on the base.</p><br>
<p>In 1945, shortly after the end of World War II, the fort was closed during Americas demobilization. On October 23, 1946, the base was transferred to the Corps of Engineers. The Texas National Guard assumed control of the base shortly afterward. In 1949, most of the bases land was divided up and sold to local citizens.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1970s, under the auspices of the Dia Art Foundation, the artist Donald Judd acquired the former fort and began converting the buildings to house permanent large-scale art installations. Originally conceived to include works by Judd, John Chamberlain, and Dan Flavin, the museum was later expanded to include works by Carl Andre, Ingolfur Arnarrson, Hiroshi Sugimoto, Ilya Kabakov, Roni Horn, Claes Oldenburg and Coosje van Bruggen, David Rabinowitch, and John Wesley. Judd&#39;s museum opened to the public in 1986 as the Chinati Foundation.</p><br>
<p>Located at Fort David A. Russells central complex is Building 98, a project of the International Womans Foundation and the home of the iconic World War II German POW murals. The Murals were completed in 1945 by Hans Jürgen Press and Robert Humpel, both German prisoners of war held at the base. The building served as the Bachelor Officer Quarters and as an entertainment center for West Point officers during World War I and the Mexican Revolution. The International Woman&#39;s Foundation was responsible for placing Fort D. A. Russell on the National Register of Historic Places, The Foundation has operated an artist-in-residency program and base museum since 2002. In 2002, Mona Blocker Garcia took on the task of creating the foundation for mature women artists and healthful aging, thus preserving the important history of Fort D. A. Russell to its exact state when the fort closed.</p><br>
<p>Railay , also known as Rai Leh, is a small peninsula between the city of Krabi and Ao Nang in Thailand. It is accessible only by boat due to high limestone cliffs cutting off mainland access. These cliffs attract rock climbers from all over the world, but the area is also popular due to its beautiful beaches and quiet relaxing atmosphere. Accommodation ranges from bungalows and medium-priced resorts in East Railay to a collection of luxury resorts focused on West Railay, though one, Rajavadee, spans both waterfronts and also has a beachfront restaurant at Ao Phra Nang. The four main areas of Railay consist of Phra Nang, West Railay, East Railay, and Ton Sai. Ton Sai caters to climbers and the backpacker set and is more rustic in character than the glitz of West Railay and the shops and restaurants of the East Railay boardwalk.</p><br>
<p>Railay beach was not severely affected by the tsunami of 26 December 2004.</p><br>
<h2>East Railay</h2><br>
<p>East Railay Beach is the docking point for boats arriving from Krabi. The East Beach is primarily covered in dense mangroves and is unsuitable for swimming. At the northern end of the waterfront there is a commercial area along a boardwalk/promenade with many restaurants and bars and various services including a muay Thai school, and lower-priced resorts than in West Railay. Above, on the trail that leads to Ton Sai, is the Diamond Cave, which features a walkway into its depths. At the southern end of the boardwalk there is access to a public trail that meanders under overhanging limestone cliffs and provides access to Phra Nang Beach.</p><br>
<h2>West Railay</h2><br>
<p>West Railay Beach, connected to the east side by paths through the large resorts or by trails through thin jungle cover, is the primary destination for beach-goers in Railay. The beach is flanked by high limestone cliffs on either side. Long-tail boats are available to hire for transport to Ao Nang, 15 minutes north of Railay. In addition, ferries departing Railay for Ko Phi Phi and points west including Phuket depart from the West beach. The focal point of West Railay Beach is a short promenade (walking street) lined with restaurants and shops.</p><br>
<p>Poverty Island is a small island in the USA state of Michigan. The island is within Delta County in Lake Michigan and is home to the Poverty Island Light Station, an abandoned lighthouse which is in disrepair. Poverty Island is currently owned by the federal government.</p><br>
<h2>Le Griffon</h2><br>
<p>On June 16, 2013, USA and French archeologists began examining an underwater object first discovered in 2001 near Poverty Island that could be the wreck of Le Griffon although it will take time to determine if it is even a shipwreck. Le Griffon was the first full-sized European style sailing ship on the upper Great Lakes that was built and commanded by the French explorer René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle in 1679. The ship disappeared with all six crew members and its cargo of furs on its return trip of her maiden voyage that same year. The location and reason of her sinking has remained a mystery ever since.</p><br>
<h2>Other islands in the chain</h2><br>
<p>(North to south)</p><br>
<p>Little Summer Island</p><br>
<p>Summer Island</p><br>
<p>Poverty Island</p><br>
<p>Gull Island</p><br>
<p>St. Martin Island</p><br>
<p>Rock Island</p><br>
<p>Washington Island</p><br>
<p>Pilot Island</p><br>
<p>Detroit Island</p><br>
<p>Plum Island</p><br>
<p>Märket  is a small 3.3 hectare uninhabited skerry in the Baltic Sea between Sweden and Finland , with a lighthouse as its salient manmade feature. Märket has been divided between the two sovereignties since the Treaty of Fredrikshamn of 1809 defined the border between Sweden and the Russian Empire as going through the middle of the island. The Finnish side of the island is part of the Municipality of Hammarland and is the westernmost land point of Finland. The Swedish part of the island is itself divided by two counties of Sweden: Uppsala County  and Stockholm County .</p><br>
<h2>Geography and history</h2><br>
<p>The 6 NM Understen&ndash;Märket Passage links the Bothnian Sea to the Baltic proper. The skerry is roughly 350 m long by 150 m wide, and its area is about 3.3 hectare. It is the smallest sea island shared by two countries.</p><br>
<p>The name Märket (the Mark) probably comes from its usefulness as a navigation mark before there were lighthouses. The route between Sweden and Åland has a passage of about 27 km (17 mi) length over open sea. Before the lighthouse, the island and its shallows were dangerous navigational hazards, which seafarers tried to desperately avoid. In 1873, as many as 23 ships were grounded on the Swedish coast and its archipelago trying to avoid Märket, and eight of them were shipwrecked. Märket is detached from the main Åland archipelago, with the closest island more than 10 km away, and the closest harbor, Berghamn, 23 km away in Eckerö. There is no deep harbor; the island can be only reached with boats. There are small, barely surfacing rocks northwest of Märket, called Märketshällor ("stones of Märket"), which are too small to sustain vegetation.</p><br>
<p>The island consists of mostly smooth diabase rock, with a maximum natural elevation of two meters. Most of the area is regularly washed over with seawater in storms, and scoured by drift ice in winter. Plant life, which is limited to low-growing grasses and herbs, persists only in some protected spots. 23 plant species have been identified altogether. The halophilic grass Puccinellia capillaris and the herbaceous Sagina nodosa (knotted pearlwort) are found scattered throughout the island. Among rarer species, Spergularia marina (salt sandspurry) grows on Märket. Salix caprea (goat willow) grows on an abandoned building.</p><br>
<p>There are large grey seal communities around Märket, and Märket has been a target for seal safaris.</p><br>
<h2>International border and lighthouse</h2><br>
<p>There is a lighthouse on the Finnish side of the current border, which has been unmanned and automated since 1979. When it was built by the Russians and Finns in 1885, the island was considered a no man&#39;s land, so it was simply built on the highest point on the island. However, this meant it was built on the Swedish part of the island.</p><br>
<p>As a result, the border was adjusted in 1985 so that the lighthouse is now located on Finnish territory. The adjustment was carried out such that no net transfer of territory occurred, and the ownership of the coastline was unchanged so as not to interfere with each country&#39;s fishing rights.</p><br>
<p>This resulted in an unusual shape for the international border which satisfied both Finnish and Swedish interests. The adjusted border takes the form of an inverted S, and the lighthouse is connected to the rest of Finland only by a short stretch of land. The border is regularly resurveyed every 25 years by officials representing both countries. The last such joint inspection took place in August 2006. The border is marked by holes drilled to the rock, because the seasonal drift ice would shear off any protruding markers. Due to the Nordic Passport Union and the Schengen Agreement, there have been no passport checks or other border formalities at the border since 1958, so intra-Nordic/intra-Schengen visitors may visit the island freely. Both sides are officially monolingually Swedish-speaking, the Finnish side as a part of Åland.</p><br>
<p>The lighthouse is in urgent need of maintenance, and a Finnish interest group is trying to raise funds for its preservation. The lighthouse has been automatic since 1979 and the surrounding buildings are no longer used. The increasing general availability of GPS has made its primary function redundant.</p><br>
<h2>Radio amateurs activity</h2><br>
<p>Radio amateurs around the world consider the Finnish part of Märket Reef (as they call it) a separate entity, distinct from Finland and Sweden. The Finnish part of Märket Reef used to be one of the world&#39;s most desired "countries" among radio amateurs due to its special status and relative remoteness. Usually there are one or more Amateur Radio expeditions to the island every year, weather permitting. During these expeditions tens of thousands of radio contacts are made with people in several parts of the world. At high seas, landing is only possible with a helicopter. Good pictures of Märket are shown on QSL cards. The official prefix for use on the Finnish side is OH0, as in the rest of the Åland Islands, but OJ0 is the optional call sign prefix for Märket Reef. There is a fee for using an OJ0 call sign, while the use of the OH0/ prefix in front of the own call sign is free. All radio activity on the island is by visitors on DX-peditions. When the Finnish part of the reef was given its special status in amateur radio, in the late 1960s the lighthouse keeper himself became a licensed Amateur Radio operator who initially used the call OH0MA. On the Swedish side of Märket Reef the callsigns 8S9M and SI8MI have been used.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Märket has a continental climate affected by oceanic influences; it has a reputation for being one of the windiest places in Finland. A meteorological station has been managed by the lighthouse keepers since 1896 and an automatic station of the Finnish Meteorological Institute was inaugurated on November 10, 1977, shortly before its automation.</p><br>
<p>The effect of the sea is very important to the climate of the island: thermal inertia dramatically reduces the temperature fluctuations during the year compared to the continent and to a lesser extent compared to the central part of Fasta Åland, the largest island of the archipelago of Åland. Märket holds five records for daytime temperatures for weather stations in Finland, all in the period between November 29 and January 1, with 10.2 &deg;C on December 15, 2006 and 8.8 &deg;C on December 31, 1975. The average yearly temperature is roughly 6 &deg;C and is one of the highest in Finland, with the month of January being milder than on the continent (-2.5 &deg;C on average), and a warm summer (15.9 &deg;C on average in July). The island is drier than the mainland: the average annual rainfall does not usually surpass 550 mm.</p><br>
<p>COMO Parrot Cay is a private island resort, part of the Turks and Caicos Islands. COMO Parrot Cay is part of the COMO Hotels and Resorts group. The island contains about 1,000 acres of land, a mile-long beach and features a high-end beach resort with 61 rooms. It is located about 575 miles south east of Miami, and can be reached by a 35-minute boat ride from Providenciales, the main island in Turks and Caicos.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Parrot Cay was originally created by a Kuwaiti family in 1988, who built the large structure that now functions as the resort&#39;s main building. The Gulf War affected the finances of this family, It is said that her daughter Melissa Ong discovered the island during a diving trip.</p><br>
<p>The island was originally named Pirate Cay because of a local legend that famous female pirate Anne Bonny camped here in the 1720s. It was renamed Parrot Cay as to not frighten visitors.</p><br>
<h2>Resort</h2><br>
<p>Parrot Cay&#39;s main resort contains 61 rooms, including beach houses and villas. Two restaurants are located on the island: the south-east Asian inspired Lotus and the Italian-Mediterranean Terrace.</p><br>
<p>Activities include diving, snorkeling, and wellness programs like yoga and Pilates at the COMO Shambhala retreat.</p><br>
<h2>Private homes</h2><br>
<p>In addition to the resort&#39;s rooms, there is a collection of private villas and beach houses located a short distance from the resort in a location called Rocky Point. The villas can be purchased from a starting price of US$10 million, while the beach houses start from US$5 million. Owners of private homes in Parrot Cay include Keith Richards, Donna Karan, and Bruce Willis.</p><br>
<p>Keith Richards has been quoted as saying he&#39;d relocate his family to his Parrot Cay retreat if he knew his death was coming, and just "hang out".</p><br>
<h2>Popularity</h2><br>
<p>Because of its secluded location and the privacy it provides, Parrot Cay has become very popular with many celebrities. Guests have included Paul McCartney, Justin Timberlake, Barbra Streisand, Penélope Cruz, Julia Roberts and Phil Collins, and it has also hosted the weddings of Ben Affleck and Jennifer Garner in 2005, and Bruce Willis and Emma Heming in 2009.</p><br>
<h3>Celebrity death hoaxes</h3><br>
<p>Parrot Cay is frequently featured as the location of an ongoing celebrity death hoax on fake news site Global Associated News. The fake news report would claim that a celebrity had died after sustaining injuries in a jet-ski accident in Parrot Cay, even though there are no jet-skis in Parrot Cay. Celebrities that have supposedly died in Parrot Cay according to this hoax include Ted Nugent, Ja Rule, Chad Kroeger and Vince Vaughn.</p><br>
<p>Uda  is a river in the Buryat Republic, Russia. It is a right tributary of the Selenge River, which it meets near the city Ulan-Ude. Its length is 467 km.</p><br>
<p>The Uda River basin lies in the Tuguro-Chumikanskiy region. The word Uda is derived from the Yakut word &#39;ud&#39;, meaning milk. The name was conferred on the river owing to a nearby milk-colored lake.</p><br>
<h2>Fish</h2><br>
<p>The Uda River is a prime habitat for the pink, chum, red, and coho salmons. Other fish species found in the Uda include the Siberian taimen, two forms of lenok, and Amur grayling. The river is especially important as it remains one of the last strongholds of taimen, which have dwindled in other Siberian rivers. Taimens grow to huge sizes here; specimens weighing 95 kg have been caught here.</p><br>
<p>Mount Kearsarge is a mountain located in Wilmot, New Hampshire, and Warner, New Hampshire. Two state parks are located on the mountain: Winslow State Park and Rollins State Park. On a very clear day, skyscrapers in the city of Boston, Massachusetts 80 mi away are visible from the fire tower on the summit. The summit has remained bare since a 1796 forest fire.</p><br>
<p>The name of the mountain evolved from a 1652 rendering of the native Pennacook tribal name for the mountain, Carasarga, which it is surmised means "notch-pointed-mountain of pines."</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Kearsarge is a monadnock, and although of only moderate elevation, its isolation gives it of relative height above the low ground separating it from the higher mountains farther north. That makes Kearsarge one of twelve mountains in New Hampshire with a prominence over.</p><br>
<p>Mount Kearsarge stands within the watershed of the Merrimack River, which drains into the Gulf of Maine. The western slopes of the mountain drain into Cascade Brook, which flows north to the Blackwater River, a stream which flows around the northern and eastern base of Kearsarge, eventually draining into the Contoocook River, a tributary of the Merrimack. The northern and eastern slopes of the mountain drain more directly into the Blackwater River. The southern face of Mount Kearsarge drains into Meadow Brook, a tributary of the Warner River, which flows southeast to the Contoocook River.</p><br>
<p>Kearsarge is a popular hiking destination. The summit is the high point along the 75 mi Sunapee-Ragged-Kearsarge Greenway hiking trail which links 10 towns and encircles the Kearsarge-Lake Sunapee region of western New Hampshire. The quickest route to the top is from the Rollins State Park picnic area on the mountains south ridge, accessible via Kearsarge Mountain Road from the town of Warner. Access on the mountains western side is from the picnic area of Winslow State Park via the Winslow Trail (1.1 mi) or the Barlow Trail (1.6 mi.), built in 1997 by Trailwrights, a volunteer trail group, for the SRK Greenway. The full Greenway section hike on Mt. Kearsarge covers 5.8 mi from Winslow picnic area via the Barlow Trail to the summit and via the Rollins and Lincoln trails southwesterly to Kearsarge Valley Road in North Sutton.</p><br>
<p>The Winslow Trail and the state park on the Wilmot side are named after Captain John Winslow, the commander of the USS Kearsarge, which in June 1864 sank the CSS Alabama in the English Channel in a famous Civil War sea battle. More directly, the park is named after a hotel that stood on the grounds, the Winslow House, site of the current picnic grounds.</p><br>
<p>Shōdo Island is an island located in the Inland Sea of Japan. The name means literally "Island of Small Beans". There are two towns on the island: Tonoshō and Shōdoshima, comprising the district of Shōzu.</p><br>
<p>The island is famous as the setting for the novel Twenty-Four Eyes, and its subsequent film adaptations. The island was the first area of Japan to successfully grow olives, and is sometimes known as "Olive Island".</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Shōdoshima is part of Kagawa Prefecture and is located north of the prefectural capital Takamatsu. It has an area of 153.30 km&sup2; and a coastline of 126 km. It is the 19th largest island in Japan, and the second largest in the Inland Sea.</p><br>
<p>Shōdoshima is home to Dobuchi Strait the world&#39;s narrowest strait, 9.93 m meters at its narrowest.</p><br>
<p>Frequent ferries run to the island from Takamatsu, Himeji, Teshima and Okayama. Ferries run infrequently to Osaka and Kōbe as well.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Shōdoshima was once known as Azuki-shima and was part of Kibi (later Bizen) Province, given to Sanuki Province, and finally made part of Kagawa prefecture.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism and culture</h2><br>
<p>Shōdoshima is a popular destination for domestic tourism in Japan. In addition to natural features such as the Dobuchi Strait, the Angel Road, Shōdoshima Olive Park and the Kanka Gorge, Shōdoshima is famous as the setting for the antiwar novel Twenty-Four Eyes, written by the native author Sakae Tsuboi and later turned twice into a film (1954 and 1987), as well as a television special. The island is the birthplace of two other distinguished writers: Sakae&#39;s husband the poet Shigeji Tsuboi and the novelist and short-story writer Denji Kuroshima. All three were prominent participants in the proletarian literary movement, an important and politically radical current within modern Japanese literature.</p><br>
<p>Shōdoshima is also known for its olives, soy sauce, wild monkeys, and beaches. In addition, tourists are attracted to a miniature version of the 88-temple Shikoku Pilgrimage.</p><br>
<p>The island is also famous for being the first in Japan to successfully cultivate olives. Olive trees proliferate on the island and olive-related merchandise is quite popular with tourists. Milos, Greece is Shōdoshima&#39;s sister island.</p><br>
<h2>Sister island</h2><br>
<p>Milos, Greece</p><br>
<p>Boigu Island  is the most northerly inhabited island of Queensland and of Australia. It is part of the top-western group of the Torres Strait Islands, which lie in the Torres Strait separating Cape York Peninsula from the island of New Guinea. The mainland of Papua New Guinea is only 6 km away from Boigu. Boigu has an area of 89.6 km&sup2;. Boigu is also the name of the town and Boigu Island is tha name of the locality on the island within the Torres Strait Island Region.</p><br>
<p>It is the largest and only inhabited island of the Talbot Islands group of the Torres Strait Islands.</p><br>
<h2>Language and Affiliations</h2><br>
<p>The language of Boigu is that of the Western and Central Islands of the Torres Strait. The specific dialect is Kalau Kawau Ya, also spoken on the islands of Dauan and Saibai. The people of the three islands consider themselves as one people.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Boigu was visited by South Sea Islander missionaries of the London Missionary Society, some time after the establishment of a mission on nearby Saibai Island in 1871.</p><br>
<p>From the 1870s to around 1910, the Boigu, Dauan and Saibai people, along with the neighbouring Papuan peoples, were being harassed by thugeral "warriors" from the Marind-anim, fierce headhunters from what is now southeast West Papua. In literature dealing with the period, these people are generally termed Tuger or Tugeri. Sir William MacGregor, the Lieutenant-Governor of British New Guinea, noted in 1886 that the population was nearly extinct as a result of these raids. What he did not realise was that at the time the bulk of the population were staying with family on Saibai and Dauan for mutual protection.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Boigu is approximately 18 km long, and low-lying. It was formed by the accumulation of alluvial sediments deposited by the discharge of nearby New Guinean rivers into the Strait. These sediments built up over time on an old coral platform which rises from the shallow continental shelf, eventually creating the island.</p><br>
<p>Most of the island is subject to extensive periodic flooding, and as a result the community township has been built on the highest ground.</p><br>
<p>Two nearby smaller islands (not permanently settled) are considered as a part of Boigu island, more accurately of the Talbot Islands, these are Aubusi Island and Moimi Island.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>The island is considered part of the New Guinea mangroves ecoregion, a subset of the Australasia ecozone.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the island is sparsely vegetated, and mainly swampland. The coast is fringed by mangroves, which act to protect against the island&#39;s sand and mud from sea erosion.</p><br>
<p>It is likely the mangrove regions harbor healthy populations of saltwater crocodile.</p><br>
<p>The waters surrounding the island are an important habitat for dugongs, a species of sea mammal listed as vulnerable by the IUCN.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>Boigu is predominantly inhabited by indigenous Torres Strait Islanders. According to 2004 Torres Strait Regional Authority (TSRA) figures, its resident population is approximately 340.</p><br>
<p>Currently there are approximately 260 people living on the island (2008).</p><br>
<p>The village of Boigu at the northern end of the island is the northernmost settlement of Australia. The northernmost island, however, is Bramble Cay, 173 km to the east.</p><br>
<p>The Fuerte River is a river in the state of Sinaloa, in northwestern Mexico. It flows from headwaters in the Sierra Madre Occidental to the Pacific Ocean in the Gulf of California.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>It begins at the junction of the Rio Verde (also called the Rio San Miguel) and Urique River, in the Sierra Madre Occidental mountain range. It flows generally southwest for a distance of 290 km, with its river mouth on the Gulf of California at Lechuguilla Island, 43 km west of the city of Los Mochis.</p><br>
<p>Miguel Hidalgo Dam impounds the river near the town of El Fuerte creating the state&#39;s largest reservoir, Embalse de Gustavo Diaz Ordaz. The water is used extensively for agricultural irrigation in northern Sinaloa and southern Sonora states.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The river is surrounded by large mango plantations which produce the fruits mainly for export to the United States. The former capitol of Sinaloa, Sinaloa de Leyva, is on the river in the Fuerte River Valley, in the Sierra Madre Occidental foothills.</p><br>
<p>Fur  is a small Danish island in the Limfjord at the northern tip of the Salling peninsula. Fur has under 900 inhabitants. The island covers an area of 22 km². It is located at .</p><br>
<p>The island is linked to the mainland through a 24-hour ferry, the Sleipner-Fur ferry, sailing from Branden. The crossing of the Fursund takes 3–4 minutes.</p><br>
<p>The island is renowned for its deposits of diatomite, known in Danish as moler which is used for cat litter. Fossil hunting is a popular activity on the island, and the fossils one can find in the moler can be more than 55 million years old. Fur museum on the island features exhibits relating to the island, particularly fossils.</p><br>
<p>In 2010, readers of the Danish newspaper Kristeligt Dagblad voted for "Denmark&#39;s most wonderful island" and chose Fur ahead of Læsø and Ærø.</p><br>
<p>Fur is part of Skive municipality.</p><br>
<p>Anholt is a Danish island in the Kattegat, midway between Jutland and Sweden at the entrance to the North Sea in Northern Europe. There are 145 permanent residents as of 1 January 2016. Anholt is seven miles  long and about four miles  wide at its widest, and covers an area of 21,75 km². Anholt is part of Norddjurs Municipality in Region Midtjylland. Before the 2007 municipal reform, it was in Grenå Municipality.</p><br>
<p>The western fifth of Anholt consists of hilly moraine country, while the eastern four-fifths of the island consist of mostly flat raised seabed with some low hills, former wind-blown sand dunes. Only the western moraine hills are inhabited. The eastern part, called "Ørkenen" - the Desert - is treeless; the government has protected the area and permits no building there. The desert has never been ploughed. For this reason the original stone age topography from when the glaciation ceased, at the end of the last ice age 10,000 years ago, is still visible in many places. This includes former shorelines inland, consequences of different sea levels over time. The unploughed features of The Desert are unique for Denmark, as well as for this part of Europe.</p><br>
<p>The inhabited part of Anholt has two villages, The Harbour and Anholt Town, inland. There are also 300 to 400 summer houses, some of them rentals.</p><br>
<h2>Terrain</h2><br>
<p>The western part of Anholt is a moraine landscape. The small village is situated in the middle of the landscape, whereas the harbour (built 1902) is at the northwestern tip of the island. The eastern part of the island is known as ("desert"). This desert-like area is the largest of its kind in Northern Europe. The desertification was caused by deforestation. Strictly speaking, the "desert" is not a true desert, but a lichen heath, with some 300 to 400 types of lichen.</p><br>
<p>Great efforts are being taken to preserve the unique scenery and prevent the devastating effects of erosion. In 1995/6 the Danish Heath Society cleared large areas in the south part of Ørkenen of mountain pine.</p><br>
<p>On Totten, the eastern tip of the island, there is one of the biggest colonies of seals in Denmark. This part of the island is closed to visitors.</p><br>
<h3>Lighthouse</h3><br>
<p>Dangerous reefs and shoals surround Anholt. Consequently, in 1560 King Frederick II ordered the erection of bascule lights at Skagen, Anholt, and Kullen Lighthouse to mark the main route through Danish waters from the North Sea to the Baltic. Despite the bascule light, on 10 November 1716 the 60-gun third-rate HMS Auguste, Captain Robert Johnson, ran ashore on the island of Anholt during heavy weather and was wrecked. Most of the people on her were saved. An ecological consequence of the introduction of the bascule light was the deforestation of Anholt for firewood, resulting in Anholt&#39;s "desert". By the time of the switch after 1600 to imported pit coal, considerable damage had been done.</p><br>
<p>In 1785 a 35-meter tower was erected with an open fire. In 1805 a lantern replaced the fire and in 1838 a mirror was added.</p><br>
<p>Then in early 1842 an intermittent (flashing) light replaced the fixed light, and a lightship was towed to a station of the Knobben, off Anholt. Around the mid-19th century there was also a floating light stationed several miles out from the lighthouse, near the end of the several miles long reef. This floating light operated from May to December.</p><br>
<p>Today&#39;s tower dates to 1881, at which time an oil lamp replaced the fire. At one time there was also a beacon fire in the middle of the east coast of the island, but that has disappeared. The present Anholt Fyr (lighthouse) belongs to the Danish Maritime Safety Administration and has the status of a protected historical landmark.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Anholt has been settled since the New Stone Age and one may still find flint flakes on the “desert”. There have been some Old Stone Age finds as well. The island has never been the object of systematic archaeological investigation, so no Bronze Age remnants have been found. Some Viking finds have been made.</p><br>
<p>The 1231 land register of King Valdemar II shows that the king owned a house or a hunting lodge on the Sønderbjerg, the island&#39;s highest point. Anholt was thus property of the crown. In 1441 the island was under the administration of Kalø Lehn, headed by Otto Nielsen Rosenkrands.</p><br>
<p>Anholt belonged to the parish of Morup in the Danish province of Halland until the middle of the 16th century, when a church was built on the island itself. The island remained Danish when Denmark ceded Halland to Sweden in 1645. A story claims that a negotiator had left a glass of beer placed over the island on the map during the peace negotiations. A more plausible explanation is that Swedish forces had not conquered the fairly remote island and had little interest in it.</p><br>
<p>In 1668 Anholt was sold to the tax farmer Peder Jensen Grove. Six years later his widow married Hans Rostgaard of Krogerup and the island then came at the hands of the Rostgaard von der Maase family. Most recently, the lawyer Jens Christian Rostgaard von der Maase, of Copenhagen, has owned the greater and protected part of the island.</p><br>
<h3>British occupation</h3><br>
<p>Early in the Gunboat War (part of the Napoleonic Wars), the Danes closed the lighthouse on Anholt. On 5 December 1808 the bomb vessel HMS Proselyte was wrecked on Anholt Reef while caught in the ice; all her crew was saved. She had stationed herself off the island on 9 November 1808 to carry a light for the safety of passing convoys.</p><br>
<p>Following the loss of Proselyte, on 18 May 1809 the 64-gun third rate HMS Standard, under Captain Askew Paffard Hollis, and the 18-pounder 36-gun frigate Owen Glendower captured the island. A party of seamen and marines under the command of Captain William Selby of Owen Glendower, with the assistance of Captain Edward Nicolls of the Standards marines, landed. The Danish garrison of 170 men put up a sharp but ineffectual resistance that killed one British marine and wounded two; the garrison then surrendered. The British took immediate possession of the island. The principal objective of the mission was to restore the lighthouse on the island to its pre-war state to facilitate the movement of British men of war and merchantmen navigating the dangerous seas there.</p><br>
<p>The Danes attempted to retake the island. However, the Battle of Anholt (27 March 1811) resulted in many Danish casualties and proved a decisive British victory. There is a monument commemorating the battle in Anholt village.</p><br>
<p>While captain of HMS Elephant, Francis Austen visited Anholt in 1812 and wrote about it to his sister, the famed novelist Jane Austen. He described the lighthouse in some detail and also gave some impressions of the island:</p><br>
<p>On 28 February 1812, the 16-gun brig HMS Fly was wrecked on Anholt, but without loss of life. Then on 19 August 1812, Dano-Norwegian gunboats captured off the island after an engagement. The British held Anholt until the Treaty of Kiel ended the war on 15 January 1814.</p><br>
<p>In the 1940s a British visitor heard children reciting a verse which they did not understand the meaning of "Jeck og Jill vent op de hill, og Jill kom tombling after".</p><br>
<p>The ditty, it turned out, had been a nursery rhyme brought to the island by British soldiers during the Napoleonic wars.</p><br>
<h3>World War I</h3><br>
<p>Denmark was neutral during the war and neither side disturbed the Kattegat until late in the war when the British laid a minefield. During the operation the British sank 10 trawlers off Anholt.</p><br>
<h3>World War II</h3><br>
<p>There were several World War II sinkings off Anholt.</p><br>
<p>*On 11 April 1940, the British submarine Sealion torpedoed and sank the German steamer (2,593grt) thirteen miles (19 km) south of Anholt Island at {{coord|56|30|N|11|30|E}}. Sealion fired two torpedoes, one of which found its mark.</p><br>
<p>*On 1 May 1940, the British submarine Narwhal, (Lt.Cdr. R.J. Burch, RN) torpedoed and sank the German troop transport (6,097 GRT) and torpedoed and damaged the German troop transport (8,580 GRT) in the Kattegat about 20 nmi north of Anholt, Denmark in position {{coord|57|05|N|11|35|E}}. Bahia Castillo reached port but was declared a total loss.</p><br>
<p>*On 20 May 1940, the troop transport SS Batavier III, owned by Wm.H. van Müller & Co., hit a mine and sank northwest of Anholt.</p><br>
<p>*On 21 April 1945, British bombers sank the Ostmark (ex-Cote d&#39;Argent, launched 1932 and 3,047 GRT).</p><br>
<p>*On 5 May 1945, a Royal Air Force bomber sank the German submarine U-534. The submarine was on the surface with three other submarines when the attack occurred. The Germans shot down one of the British bombers, whose crew all were lost. All of the crew of U-534 escaped the submarine, but three died of exposure or lung damage in surfacing; lifeboats from a lightship in the vicinity rescued the 49 survivors. On 25 August 1993, the U-534 was pulled 220 feet (67 m) to the surface of the Kattegat Sea, 13 miles (20 km) northeast of Anholt Island. After being housed at a museum that later closed, the submarine was moved to the Woodside Ferry Terminal in Liverpool for an exhibition on U-Boats that opened in February 2009.</p><br>
<p>*On 19 April 1945, rockets from eight British and Norwegian Mosquito aircraft sank the German submarine U-251 south of Anholt ({{coord|56.37|N|11.51|E}}). Thirty-nine of her crew died; four survived.</p><br>
<p>There is a small graveyard on Anholt that holds the remains of five allied airmen. Three are from an Avro Lancaster of 438 Squadron that crashed into the Baltic around 29–30 August 1944. On 15 December a JU-88 night fighter shot down an Avro Lancaster of 106 Squadron, which had a crew of eight. Only three bodies washed ashore, one of them on Anholt; the others were never recovered.</p><br>
<h2>Connections</h2><br>
<p>A daily ferry from Grenå on the eastern coast of Jutland takes about three hours to reach Anholt. The ferry detours around the wind farm, which will compensate for the increased fuel consumption in order to maintain sailing schedules.</p><br>
<p>Anholt has an airport with a 650 m grass runway. There are daily flights to Anholt during the summer and weekly flights in the winter.</p><br>
<p>Flights depart from Roskilde Airport on the Danish main island, Sealand, via Copenhagen Air Taxi. The flights also go on to Læsø Island, and return to Roskilde from there, via Anholt.</p><br>
<p>One can also fly from Varberg, Sweden, via charter from Varbergs Flygklubb, a flying club.</p><br>
<h3>Port</h3><br>
<p>After some years of political debate, in 1899 construction commenced on a fishing harbour for the island. The construction was finished and the port entered service in 1902. The harbour functioned as a safe haven in storms for the vessels fishing in the Kattegat, as well as a home port for Anholt&#39;s own fishermen. Today there is a marina at the harbour and the ferry docks here too. In 2003 Anholt celebrated the 100th anniversary of the opening, but one year late.</p><br>
<p>The first rescue facility on the island was established in 1878 at the lighthouse. It was abandoned in 1926. The second rescue facility was built in 1919, but abandoned in 1938. Today there is a rescue vessel stationed at a mole in the harbour. Over the last 200 years over 200 vessels have foundered near Anholt.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>Some 60,000 people visit Anholt each year. From the end of June to the first half of August the harbor is a tourist resort with restaurants, tourist shops, and an always full marina next to a sandy beach. Danish, Norwegian, Swedish and German yachts are among the most common sailing boats seen at Anholt.</p><br>
<p>Anholt has no luxury hotels or resorts. There are some Bed and Breakfast facilities and a campground. The Tourist Office, located at the harbor office, can help with information about accommodation.</p><br>
<p>Anholt&#39;s main attraction is nature in the form of clean water, with an abundance of often empty sandy beaches, plus calm, beauty, and fresh air. From the two highest points on the island – Sønderbjerg (48 m) and Nordbjerg (39 m) – one can see Jutland or Sweden on a clear day.</p><br>
<p>Outside the summer season, there are few visitors to Anholt. Currently an effort is made to extend the tourist season via events such as an Anholt Marathon and festivals.</p><br>
<h2>Offshore wind farm</h2><br>
<p>DONG Energy has built the Anholt Offshore Wind Farm in the Kattegat, between Anholt island and Djursland (on the mainland). It consists of 111 wind turbines and has a nameplate capacity of 400 megawatts (MW).</p><br>
<p>it is Denmark&#39;s largest marine wind park, and among the five largest marine wind parks in the world. It provides energy to the island to replace much of the current diesel-powered electricity. The main part of the electricity is distributed to the mainland via a sea cable to Jutland, entering land by the town, Grenå.</p><br>
<p>Fishermen have been compensated for the loss of fisheries during construction. With the wind farm complete, net fishing is allowed, but trawling is banned inside the park-area.</p><br>
<h2>School</h2><br>
<p>The school, north of the meeting house, was built in 1917 and enlarged in 1956. It teaches students from kindergarten to year 9.</p><br>
<p>The present church was built in 1819, after the previous one was destroyed during British occupation of the island in the early 1810s. There is evidence in the foundations of an even older church. Anholt has a tradition for building houses that include materials from flotsam.</p><br>
<h2>Citations and references</h2><br>
<p>Citations</p><br>
<p>References</p><br>
<p>*Hahn-Pedersen, Morten (2003) "Reports on Baltic Lights - Denmark", in Jerzy Litwin (ed.) Baltic Sea Identity: Common Sea – Common Culture? (Centralne Muzeum Morskie w Gdańsku).</p><br>
<p>*Hepper, David J. (1994) British Warship Losses in the Age of Sail, 1650-1859. (Rotherfield: Jean Boudriot).</p><br>
<p>*Hubback, J.H. and Hubback, Edith C. (1906) Jane Austen&#39;s Sailor Brothers: Being the Adventures of Sir Francis Austen, G.C.B., Admiral of the Fleet and Rear-Admiral Charles Austen, (London and New York: J. Lane).</p><br>
<p>*Kjaergaard, Thorkild (1994) The Danish revolution, 1500 - 1800 : an ecohistorical interpretation. (Cambridge Univ. Press).</p><br>
<p>The Jequitinhonha River  flows mainly through the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. Its source lies near Diamantina in the Espinhaço Mountains at an elevation of 1,200 m, after which it flows northward and then east-northeastward across the uplands. At Salto da Divisa, it is interrupted by the Cachoeira  do Salto Grande, 43 m high. The river descends to the coastal plain at the city of Jequitinhonha, beyond which it is also called Rio Grande do Belmonte, and empties into the Atlantic Ocean at Belmonte in Bahia state after a course of approximately 1,090 km. The main tributaries are the Araçuaí River, Piauí, São Miguel, Itacambiruçu, Salinas, São Pedro, and São Francisco.</p><br>
<p>The valley of the Jequitinhonha is one of the poorest regions of Brazil and is still prone to endemic yellow fever. It covers 78,451 km&sup2;, twice the size of Switzerland, and has an approximate population of one million people, distributed in about 80 municipalities. The most populous of these is Almenara (36,254 in 2004) located on the middle Jequitinhonha.</p><br>
<p>The valley is known for its variety of gemstones, colonial-era towns, unique handicrafts and starkly beautiful landscapes immortalized by the Brazilian author João Guimarães Rosa.</p><br>
<p>Most of the soil is arid and is periodically affected by drought or floods. The economically active population numbers over 400,000, of which 180,000 are in the rural areas practicing rudimentary agriculture and cattle raising. Industry employs 50,000 people and is the most important economic source for the municipalities.</p><br>
<p>In the past the region was covered by forests and occupied by indigenous people. What contributed to the deforestation and subsequent degradation of the region was the predatory activity of mining and extraction of diamonds.</p><br>
<p>Today there are attempts to develop the work of local artisans, especially in ceramics. While living in total isolation, they have developed ceramic craftwork that is mainly performed by the women, who belong to associations. They make utilitarian pieces that are ranked as the most creative works of Brazilian popular art. The famous "dolls" from that region are in fact pitchers for holding fresh water, thus losing this function and becoming decorative objects.</p><br>
<p>The electrical company of Minas Gerais (CEMIG) constructed a hydroelectric plant on the river between Berilo and Grão Mogol. The Usina Presidente Juscelino Kubitscheck, the hydroelectric plant powered by Irapé Dam, has an installed capacity of 360 MW and regulates the waters of the river which periodically flood. CEMIG began the work in 2002 and in April 2003 diverted the river to two tunnels with a length of more than 1.2 km (three-quarters of a mile). The dam and power station were completed in 2006.</p><br>
<p>The Júcar  or Xúquer  is a river on the Iberian Peninsula of Spain. The river runs for approximately 509 km from its source at Ojuelos de Valdeminguete, on the eastern flank of the Montes Universales, Sistema Ibérico. Its most important tributary is the Cabriel.</p><br>
<p>River Júcar flows first southward and then eastward through the towns of Cuenca, Alcalá del Júcar, Cofrentes, Alzira, Sueca and Cullera, a town located near its mouth into the Gulf of Valencia, Mediterranean Sea. It crosses the provinces of Cuenca, Albacete and Valencia</p><br>
<p>In 1982 the river Júcar broke the Tous&#39;s reservoir, causing the biggest flood in Spanish history with a flow speed of 16,000 cubic metres per second, killing more than 30 people. This flood was the most important one in the whole history of Spain in that times because the people thought that the Tous reservoir was indestructible. The flood was called La pantanada de Tous.</p><br>
<p>The Kabul River , the classical Cophes, is a 700 km long river that emerges in the Sanglakh Range of the Hindu Kush mountains in Afghanistan and empties into the Indus River near Attock, Pakistan. It is the main river in eastern Afghanistan and is separated from the watershed of the Helmand by the Unai Pass.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The Kabul River passes through the cities of Kabul, Surobi, and Jalalabad in Afghanistan before flowing into Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan some 25 km north of the Durand Line border crossing at Torkham. The major tributaries of the Kabul River are the Logar, Panjshir, Alingar, Kunar, Bara and Swat rivers.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>The Kabul River is little more than a trickle for most of the year, but swells in summer due to melting snows in the Hindu Kush Range. Its largest tributary is the Kunar River, which starts out as the Mastuj River, flowing from the Chiantar glacie in Brughil valley in Chitral, Pakistan and after flowing south into Afghanistan it is met by the Bashgal river flowing from Nurestan. The Kunar meets the Kabul near Jalalabad. In spite of the Kunar carrying more water than the Kabul, the river continues as the Kabul River after this confluence, mainly for the political and historical significance of the name.</p><br>
<h3>Dams</h3><br>
<p>The Kabul River is impounded by several dams. The Naghlu, Surobi, and Darunta dams are located in Kabul and Nangarhar provinces of Afghanistan. The Warsak Dam is in Pakistan, approximately 20 km northwest of the city of Peshawar.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Expedition of Alexander the Great into Asia</h3><br>
<p>In Arrian&#39;s The Campaigns of Alexander, the River Kabul is referred to as Κωφήν Kōphēn (Latin spelling Cophen), the accusative of Κωφής Kōphēs (Latin spelling Cophes).</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<h3>In Avesta and Sanskrit</h3><br>
<p>The word Kubhā which is the ancient name of the river is both a Sanskrit and Avestan word. The word later changed to Kābul.</p><br>
<h3>Al-Biruni</h3><br>
<p>Al-Biruni also called it "the River of Ghorwand".</p><br>
<p>The Kabul River later gave its name to the region and to the settlement of Kabul.</p><br>
<p>The Kapuas River  is a river in the Indonesian part of Borneo island, at the geographic center of Maritime Southeast Asia. At 1,143 km in length, it is the longest river of Indonesia and one of the world&#39;s longest island rivers. This Kapuas River should be distinguished from another Kapuas River, which starts on the other side of the same mountain range in central Borneo, but flows to the south, merging with the Barito River and discharging into the Java Sea.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and hydrology</h2><br>
<p>The river is 1,143 km long and up to 700 m wide at its delta</p><br>
<p>The river originates near the center of Borneo, south from the Indonesian-Malaysian border, in the joint between the western slope of the Müller Mountain Range, which runs through the island center, and the southern slope of the Upper Kapuas Range (Kapuas Hulu), which is located more to the west. For about 165 km it flows through a mountainous terrain and then descends to a marshy plain. About 350 km from the source, near the northern shore of the river, lies a system of Kapuas Lakes which are connected to the river by numerous channels. These lakes are Bekuan (area 1,268 hectares), Belida (600 ha), Genali (2,000 ha), Keleka Tangai (756 ha), Luar (5,208 ha), Pengembung (1,548 ha), Sambor (673 ha), Sekawi (672 ha), Sentarum (2,324 ha), Sependan (604 ha), Seriang (1,412) Sumbai (800 ha), Sumpa (664) and Tekenang (1,564 ha). When the monthly precipitation exceeds about 300 mm, the river overflows its banks, diverting much of its waters to the lakes at a rate of up to 1,000 m3/s, and forming a single volume of water with them. This outflow prevents massive flooding of the lower reaches of the river; it also promotes fish migration from the river to the lakes for spawning, but drives birds away from the lakes.</p><br>
<p>The river discharges into the South China Sea creating a marshy delta, which spreads both inland and into the sea, with the silt deposits extending up to 50-60 km from the Borneo coast.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The climate is warm and very humid, with the average annual precipitation ranging from year to year between 2863 to 5517 mm, and the number of rainy days between 120 and 309; the largest precipitation was observed in 1976 (120 rainy days) and the wettest in 1988, with only 184 rainy days. The temperature is rather stable with a typical minimum of 24 &deg;C and maximum of 32 &deg;C through the whole year.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>In the upper and middle reaches, the river flows through dense tropical forests; the rich flora and fauna are the subject of international research. Discoveries of new species are frequent, such as of the Kapuas mud snake (Enhydris gyii), which was discovered in 2003–2005 by German and American herpetologists. This species is remarkable in that it can spontaneously change its skin color, similar to the chameleon.</p><br>
<p>Otters and crocodiles are common in the Kapuas River, but frogs are nearly absent. Agile gibbons (Hylobates agilis), Müllers Bornean gibbons (Hylobates muelleri), Prevosts squirrels (Callosciurus prevostii) and treeshrews inhabit the trees above the river.</p><br>
<p>There are two national parks on the river banks, Betung Kerihun with an area of 8,000 km and Danau Sentarum (area 1,320 km), the latter includes the Kapuas Lakes.</p><br>
<h3>Fish</h3><br>
<p>About 300 species of fish have been identified in the river basin, of which 234 are of high economical value. They belong to 120 genera and 40 families with the two major groups being cyprinids and catfish. More than 30% of the species originate from the sea and inhabit the delta areas. Among the economically important species are food fish such as Pangasius catfish, giant gourami, kissing gourami, snakeheads and large barbs (Leptobarbus, Puntioplites, Tor and others), and species from the aquarium trade such as the super red arowana and rasboras. Because of overfishing and habitat degradation, several species are threatened. Among these are the endangered arowana and white-edge freshwater whipray, and the wallago catfish, which formerly migrated in large groups in the Kapuas River.</p><br>
<p>Part of the high species diversity in the Kapuas is related to the many different habitats in the river basin. In the headwaters are fast-flowing highland streams, typically dominated by small loaches, and small —often acidic (blackwater)— forest streams and peat swamps with species such as the tiny Sundadanio rasboras and macropodusine gouramis. The main river itself also includes several habitats, ranging from the nearshore to open waters. In the deepest sections, no light exists and in one species, Lepidocephalus spectrum, this has resulted in a complete reduction of both eyes and pigmentation (similar to cavefish).</p><br>
<p>Owing to the warm climate and abundance of food, most fishes breed all through the year with only a few species like fire eel (Mastacembelus erythrotaenia) having certain reproduction periods. The number of individuals per species is relatively low. The large variety of species may be explained by the fact that some 6,000 years ago, the Kapuas River, as a tributary of the Sunda River, was connected to other tributary rivers of South Sumatra, Java and Malay Peninsula. Apart from fish, there are numerous crabs, prawns, water striders and other aquatic insects. The rich flora and fauna results in very complex food chains, with fishes consuming foods ranging from fruits to other fish. For example, Hemirhamphodon pogonognathus feeds exclusively on terrestrial insects. Abundant fruits and seeds enter the river after falling from large trees which bend over its waters. The feeding habits of the fish in the Kapuas River are distributed as follows: 54% are omnivores; 36% are carnivorous and eat other fish (14%), insects (5%) and mixed small forest animals (17%). The remaining 10% are herbivorous, with 4% of them specialising in algae.</p><br>
<h2>Transport and economic value</h2><br>
<p>The Kapuas River is the major waterway connecting the center of the island with its western coast. The large river width and depth (up to 27 meters The Tayan Bridge, opened in 2016, crosses over the river and is the longest bridge in Kalimantan.</p><br>
<p>Beinn a Bheithir  is a mountain lying to the south of Ballachulish, on the south side of Loch Leven in the Scottish Highlands. It boasts two Munro summits: the higher peak Sgorr Dhearg lies about 2 km east of Sgorr Dhonuill .</p><br>
<p>The mountain forms a horseshoe shape, with ridges pointing north enclosing the corrie of Gleann a&#39; Chaolais (Glenachulish). The lower slopes on this side are cloaked in conifer plantations. To the south the mountain forms a steep ridge forming the northern wall of Glen Duror, which is also forested.</p><br>
<p>There are several routes up Beinn a Bheithir. One of the simplest is to head through the forestry up Gleann a Chaolais, reaching the 757 m high bealach between the two summits. Both summits can be bagged from here, and the walker may descend by the route of ascent.</p><br>
<p>Other routes on include the north and northwest ridges of Sgorr Dhearg, or a steep ascent from Glen Duror.</p><br>
<h2>Folk Tale</h2><br>
<p>The mountain at whose base tourists to Glencoe are landed was first called Beinn Ghuilbin but is now known as Beinn Bheithir. It got this name from a dragon which, long ago, took shelter in Corrie Liath, a great hollow in the face of the mountain and almost right above Ballachulish Pier. This dragon was apparently a terror to the surrounding district. From the lip of the corrie she overlooked the path round the foot of the mountain and, if the unsuspecting traveller attempted to pass by her, she would leap down and tear him to pieces.</p><br>
<p>No one dared attack her nor could anyone tell how she might be destroyed until Charles, the Skipper, came the way. He anchored his vessel a good distance out from the site of the present pier and, between the vessel and the shore, formed a bridge of empty barrels lashed together with ropes and brisling with iron spikes. When the bridge was finished he kindled a large fire on board the vessel and placed pieces of flesh on the burning embers. As soon as the savour of burning flesh reached the corrie the dragon descended by a succession of leaps to the shore and thence tried to make her way out on the barrels to the vessel. But the spikes entered her body and tore her up so badly that she was nearly dead before she reached the outer edge of the bridge. Meantime the vessel was moved from the bridge until a wide interval was left between it and the last barrel. Over this interval the dragon had not sufficient strength left to leap to the deck of the vessel and, as she could not return the way she came, she died of her wounds where she was, at the end of the bridge.</p><br>
<p>The people who lived in the neighbourhood of the mountain felt now at peace, But, if they did, little did they know of the new danger which threatened them. The cause of this new danger was a whelp which the old dragon left behind her in Corrie Liath. In course of time the whelp became a full-grown dragon which had a brood of young dragons hidden away in a corn stack at the foot of the mountain. When the farmer discovered them in his stack he at once set fire to it hoping thus to destroy the dangerous vermin it contained. Their shrieking was, with the wind, borne up the mountain-side and, as soon as it reached their mother, down she rushed to their assistance. But she was long in reaching them and in spite of all her efforts they were burned to death. When she saw this she stretched herself on a flat rock near the shore and continued to lash the rock with her tail until she killed herself.</p><br>
<p>The rock is still known as the Dragon’s Rock, and on it Beinn Bheithir House now stands.Folk Tales and Fairy Lore in Gaelic and English Collected from Oral Tradition.</p><br>
<p>by Rev. James MacDougall, sometime Minister of Duror.</p><br>
<p>Edited with Introduction and Notes by Rev. George Calder, B.D., Minister of Strathfillan.</p><br>
<p>John Grant, 31 George 1V Bridge, Edinburgh. (1910).</p><br>
<p>Washington Crossing Historic Park is a 500-acre  state park operated by the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources in partnership with the Friends of Washington Crossing Park. The park is divided into two sections. One section of the park, the "lower park," is headquartered in the village of Washington Crossing located in Upper Makefield Township in Bucks County, Pennsylvania. It marks the location of where George Washington crossed the Delaware River during the American Revolutionary War.</p><br>
<p>The lower park includes 13 historic buildings including McConkey&#39;s Ferry Inn, where General George Washington and his aides ate dinner and made plans prior to the crossing. Among the historic buildings is a 20th-century barn that houses 5 replica Durham Boats. Durham boats were large, open boats that were used to transport pig iron along the Delaware River at the time of the Revolution and these boats, along with the ferries and others, were used to transport soldiers, horses, and equipment across the river on the night of December 25–26, 1776. The replica boats are used each Christmas when the famous crossing is re-enacted in the park.</p><br>
<p>Located 4.5 miles away in Solebury Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, is the parks northern section, the "upper park." In its 100-acre area it contains (0.4 km²) Bowmans Hill Tower and the Thompson-Neely House, which was used as a military hospital during Washington&#39;s encampment in the area, and the graves of an estimated 40 to 60 soldiers who died there. The exact location of the graves is unknown, though they were partially unearthed during the construction of the nearby Delaware Canal in the early 19th century and during other nearby construction projects. Presently there are 23 memorial headstones as a reminder that the area is a gravesite.</p><br>
<p>The lower park contains a visitors center, which was renovated from July 2011 to March 2013. The newly renovated visitors center was opened March 10, 2013. It features a small exhibition with some Revolutionary war artifacts, and an original letter written by George Washington while in the Mckonkeys Ferry Inn. The park also has obtained a full size digital copy of Emanuel Gottlieb Leutzes "Washington Crossing the Delaware" from the Metropolitan Museum of Art, that is hanging in the auditorium.</p><br>
<h2>History and mission of the park</h2><br>
<p>The park was created in 1917 and the Washington Crossing Park Commission was established in 1919 to administer and develop the park.</p><br>
<p>The park was formed to commemorate the famous Crossing as the "Turning point of the American Revolution." The Commissions first objective was to develop the site as a historical shrine and its second objective was to preserve its natural beauty and develop its areas for recreational use. Bowmans Hill Tower was built to commemorate what may have been a lookout point for General George Washingtons troops to watch the banks of the Delaware River for enemy activity. The park also contains the Bowmans Hill Wildflower Preserve and the surrounding area is the natural habitat for many native plants, trees, animals and birds. Today the park serves to preserve and interpret the site of the Washington&#39;s Crossing of the Delaware.</p><br>
<p>The park is administered by the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources(DCNR). Cuts in funding from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania forced the PHMC to reduce park staffing, which resulted in closing the park to the public in late November, 2009. In 2013, the Pennsylvania state budget and fiscal code mandated that the park transfer from PHMC to DCNR. The switch was finalized in early 2016. The Friends of Washington Crossing Park, a 501(c)(3) private, non-profit corporation, was incorporated in January 2010 to support the PHMC in operating Washington Crossing Historic Park, and the park re-opened to the public in the spring of that same year. The Friends of Washington Crossing Park re-opened the park&#39;s gift shop in December 2010. Current full-time, on-site staffing consists of 2 museum professionals and 2 maintenance personnel provided by the PHMC, who work in conjunction with the part-time staff of historical interpreters provided by the Friends of Washington Crossing Park. Washington Crossing Historic Park is open for guided tours Monday through Sundays from 10am – 4pm, April 1 – December 31. The recreational areas of the park, including the picnic pavilions, are open to the public from dawn to dusk all year. This very historical site holds a reenactment of General Washington crossing the Delaware River every Christmas Day, plus other public programs on related themes throughout the year.</p><br>
<p>The park was included in the Washington&#39;s Crossing National Historic Landmark designation in 1961, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.</p><br>
<h2>The Crossing</h2><br>
<p>On the night of December 25–26, 1776, General George Washington and a small army of 2,400 men crossed the Delaware River at McConkey&#39;s Ferry, Pennsylvania on their way to attack a Hessian garrison of 1,500 in Trenton, New Jersey. The crossing, made during a time when morale was at its lowest point during the American Revolution, renewed hope among the Continental Army, Congress and the general population. The soldiers and the Continental Army had contracts and they were all paid out, General Washington gave one of his most famous speeches, convincing the tired, hungry, miserable soldiers to stay at least until they had finished this battle, and they did. Later, at the Battle of Trenton, they were able to force the Hessian soldiers to surrender, without any American casualties.</p><br>
<h2>Famous people in Washington's Crossing of the Delaware</h2><br>
<p>Two future Presidents:</p><br>
<p>James Monroe</p><br>
<p>George Washington</p><br>
<p>One future Vice-President:</p><br>
<p>Aaron Burr</p><br>
<p>One future Chief Justice of the United States:</p><br>
<p>John Marshall</p><br>
<p>Others:</p><br>
<p>Alexander Hamilton, future Secretary of the Treasury</p><br>
<p>John Glover (general), was responsible for ferrying Washington&#39;s men</p><br>
<p>Henry Knox, first Secretary of War</p><br>
<p>Hugh Mercer, general who died days later at the Battle of Princeton</p><br>
<p>Prince Whipple</p><br>
<p>Lake of the Isles is a lake in Minneapolis, Minnesota, connected to Cedar Lake and Lake Calhoun. In winter it is used for ice skating and hockey is the location of a New Year&#39;s Eve celebration featuring roasted marshmallows and hot chocolate. The lake has an area of 109 acres, 2.86 mi of shoreline with a little under three miles of paved walking and biking paths, and a maximum depth of 31 ft.</p><br>
<p>Lake of the Isles is known for its two wooded islands, its long north arm, and the surrounding stately houses of the Kenwood, Lowry Hill, and East Isles neighborhoods. The lake was named for small islands that used to exist in the lake, wetlands area, and was used from the earliest days of settlement of Minneapolis. At one time the lake contained four small islands, but two of them, near the south shore of the lake, were converted to parkland as the lake was developed and dredged to its current shape and size. The two remaining wooded islands, Mike&#39;s Island in the north and Raspberry Island, are protected wildlife refuges which contain virgin woods. Landing on either of the islands is prohibited, as marked by signs.</p><br>
<p>The lake was created in its current form in the early 20th century by dredging a small lake, called Wita Tomna ("four islands lake") by the local Dakota people, and an adjacent marsh. The dredged materials—mostly peat and silt—were used to create about 36 acre of parkland around the lake and the two islands in the middle of the lake. The settling of these materials and the pressure of urban development led to an unstable shoreline and reduced water quality. The Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board is in engaged in a multiyear project to stabilize the shoreline, renovate the parkland, and construct twelve stone points of access to the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Fish</h2><br>
<p>The lake contains black bullhead, black crappie, bluegill, bowfin, common carp, hybrid sunfish, largemouth bass, northern pike, pumpkinseed, tiger muskellunge, walleye, yellow bullhead, and yellow perch. Some guideline restrictions have been placed on the consumption of bluegill, carp, crappie, largemouth bass, northern pike, walleye, white sucker, and yellow perch from the lake, because of contamination with mercury and PFOS.</p><br>
<h2>Cultural depictions</h2><br>
<p>Prince mentions Lake of the Isles in the song "Rock n Roll is Alive (And it Lives in Minneapolis)" with the lyric, "Sure as the drive around Lake of the Isles is cool I know, Rock n roll will never die, like the Minnehaha flow."</p><br>
<p>Mount Wilhelm  is the highest mountain in Papua New Guinea at 4,509 m. It is part of the Bismarck Range and the peak is the point where three provinces, Simbu, Jiwaka and Madang, meet. The peak is also known as Enduwa Kombugluor Kombugl&#39;o Dimbin in the local Kuman language, a Papuan language.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is on the island of New Guinea, which incorporates Papua New Guinea and the Indonesian province of Papua. It is surpassed by Puncak Jaya, 4,884 m, and several other peaks in Indonesian Papua.</p><br>
<p>Mount Wilhelm may be claimed as the highest mountain in Oceania (including Australia and New Zealand), on account of Indonesia being partially in Asia. A Seven Summits list sometimes includes Mount Wilhelm.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Discovery</h3><br>
<p>Mount Wilhelm received its name in 1888 when a German newspaper correspondent, Hugo Zöller, climbed the Finisterre Range, south-east of Madang, and named the Bismarck Range after the German Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, and the four highest peaks of the range after him and his children: Ottoberg, Herbert-berg, Marienberg and Wilhelm-berg. Otto-berg seemed to Zöller to be the highest of the range, but it was later discovered to be only 11,600 ft and the distant Wilhelmberg was much taller.</p><br>
<p>It was not until August 1938 when Leigh Vial, a government patrol officer, and two Papuan New Guineans, his "Mangi mastas", "Namba Wan Bare Kuakawa" and "Gend" from "Mondia Nigle", made the first recorded ascent. It was noted by Vial that even though the mountain was close to the equator, snow existed on top of the mountain at the time of ascent.</p><br>
<h3>WWII bomber crash</h3><br>
<p>During the Second World War in the early hours of May 22, 1944, an American F-7A (a converted B-24 Liberator) named "Under Exposed" crashed into the mountain while flying too low. The aircraft left from Nadzab airbase, close to Lae, and had been assigned for a reconnaissance mission to photograph Padaidori Island in Dutch New Guinea. Around 0400 the plane crashed into Wilhelm at about 13,000 ft above the twin lakes.</p><br>
<p>All crew were killed and most of the wreckage landed in the topmost lake although some can still be seen today. The only remains at the site are from the plane, as all bodies have been recovered.</p><br>
<h3>Climbing deaths</h3><br>
<p>A number of people have died trying to climb the mountain. An Australian Army Sergeant, Christopher Donnan, died in December 1971 when he fell down a steep slope. There is a plaque at the point where he was last seen. In August 1995 an Israeli backpacker died after he sprained his ankle and stayed behind while his group continued. He subsequently wandered off the track and fell into a ravine in the pre-dawn darkness. His body was found about a week later. On 30 July 2005 58-year-old Bob Martin, a marketing manager at Air Niugini, suffered a heart attack and died near the summit.</p><br>
<p>In 2001, a student from Muaina High School (Muaina High school Mt Wilhelm Expedition) died at Piunde-foot of Mt Wilhelm. He was later found to be an asthmatic patient. Another, local Papua New Guinean, from Tari in the Southern Highlands Province, died in 2007 a few meters south of the Christopher Donnan plaque. Local sources revealed that the deceased was unaware of the warning and was wearing only his sporting suit, T-shirt and Dunlop shoes. He was covered by debris and fallen rock fragments, forming a talus at the base of the southern tip of the Christopher Donnan section.</p><br>
<h2>Ascending</h2><br>
<p>Mount Wilhelm is the most accessible mountain to climb in Papua New Guinea. Climbers have a choice of two different routes to the top. The most common route starts from the village of Keglsugl at the end of the road from Kundiawa in Simbu province. A harder hike and climb starts from the village of Ambullua in the Western Highlands province.</p><br>
<p>The Keglsugl route involves climbing up and through a mountain rain forest and then along an alpine grassland glacial valley to the twin lakes of Piunde and Aunde. At Piunde there are two huts, one being an old Australian National University monitoring station and the other an A-Frame hut. Though not a technical climb, various sections can be treacherous in wet weather. The climb is usually started during the night; the ascent and subsequent descent can take anywhere from nine to 24 hours. Reaching the peak at dawn allows a better chance of clear weather.</p><br>
<p>The other route from Ambullua is a much more challenging 4-day hike.</p><br>
<p>Cranberry Lake is a lake on the east branch of the Oswegatchie River in the Adirondack Park in New York in the United States. It is the third largest lake in the Adirondack Park (after Lake George and the Great Sacandaga Lake. About 75 percent of the shoreline is owned by State of New York; the 118,000 acre Five Ponds Wilderness Area abuts its south shore, and the Cranberry Lake Wild Forest covers much of its remaining shoreline.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Most of the lake is in the eastern end of the Town of Clifton, but a small part of the east side of the lake is in the Town of Piercefield and a small part of the west side of the lake is in the Town of Fine. The lake is entirely in the south part of Saint Lawrence County, New York.</p><br>
<p>On a north arm of the lake is the community of Cranberry Lake. On a western arm of the lake in the Town of Fine, is the community of Wanakena, among other things also location of the SUNY-ESF Ranger School.</p><br>
<p>Several islands are within the lake, the largest being Joe Indian Island and Buck Island. The Cranberry Lake Biological Station, also part of SUNY-ESF, is located on Barber Point.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation and points of interest</h2><br>
<p>A peninsula jutting into the lake from the north contains Bear Mountain and state camping facilities. One end of the Bear Mountain Trail leaves from campsite loop 3. The other end, a trail head with plenty of good parking, is located much closer to the campground entrance. The hike is fairly rigorous, but from start to the top it is only about 1 mi. The lookout spot near the top provides a great view to the south and south west, mainly of Joe Indian and Buck islands.</p><br>
<p>There are several private camps on the lake&#39;s southern shore, including an island called, "Chair Rock Island". A large rock on Barber Point near the Biological Station bears an engraved memorial for international fly casting champion of the late 1800s, Reuben Wood, designer of the Reub Wood fishing flies. There also exists a large camp setting called Wildcliffe Lodge (formerly "Hoppies" and then "Verns") that used to have an inn, bar and restaurant. The dining room was actually the former one room log cabin of hermit "Philo Scott"(While he appeared to be a hermit, he married Cordelia Stevens in 1856 and had eight children between 1858 and 1879.), of Big Deer Pond. It is now closed. Chair Rock Lodge was another popular dining and lodging establishment on the South Shore. It, too, is closed.</p><br>
<p>The Indian Mountain Club was also on the South Shore. "Sports" from downstate enjoyed dining, lodging and outdoor pursuits such as hunting,fishing, and shooting. A large garden provided fresh veggies.Remnants or the garden still exist on private property abutting the Five Ponds Wilderness.</p><br>
<p>Arnold&#39;s Point &ndash; A point located near Joe Indian Island.</p><br>
<p>Barber Island &ndash; An island located off Barber Point.</p><br>
<p>Black Duck Hole &ndash; A bay located off the Dead Creek Flow bay.</p><br>
<p>Brandy Brook Flow &ndash; A bay located on the northeast part of the lake. The mouth of Brandy Brook is in this bay.</p><br>
<p>Bear Mountain Flow &ndash; A bay located north of Brandy Brook Flow bay.</p><br>
<p>Birch Island &ndash; An island located off Union Point.</p><br>
<p>Buck Island &ndash; An island located off Coles Point. Located in the South Bay.</p><br>
<p>Barber Point &ndash; A point located by the inlet of Sucker Brook.</p><br>
<p>Dead Creek Flow &ndash; A bay located where the Dead Creek enters the lake.</p><br>
<p>Elephant Rock &ndash; An island located off Arnold&#39;s Point.</p><br>
<p>Eagle Island &ndash; An island located off the Bear Mountain peninsula between Union Point and Burnt Rock point.</p><br>
<p>Flatiron Point &ndash; A point located at the mouth of the Oswegatchie River Inlet Flow.</p><br>
<p>Joe Indian Island &ndash; An island located off the Shanty Brook Flow. The largest island on the lake. Joe&#39;s Point and Long Point are located on this island.</p><br>
<p>Matilda Bay &ndash; A bay located west of Matilda Island.</p><br>
<p>Matilda Island &ndash; An island located near the outlet of the lake.</p><br>
<p>Oswegatchie River Inlet Flow &ndash; A bay located where the Oswegatchie River and Skate Creek enter the lake.</p><br>
<p>South Flow &ndash; A bay located south of Buck Island. The Six Mile Creek enters the lake here.</p><br>
<h2>Fishing</h2><br>
<p>Fish species present in the lake are smallmouth bass, brook trout, rock bass, yellow perch, brown bullhead, sunfish and brown trout. There is a state owned hard surface ramp on Route 3 by the outlet dam. There is also a state owned car top launch at the Cranberry Lake Campground and one more at the New York State Rangers School in Wanakena, New York. Lowville, New York.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The lake was named for the extensive cranberry bogs that it once contained. In 1865, the state authorized the building of a dam on the east branch of the Oswegatchie that doubled the lakes surface area and killed thousands of trees, the stumps of which still remain in some areas. In 1902, the Rich Brothers Lumber Company purchased 16,000 acre on the southwestern shore of Cranberry Lake, and constructed a lumber mill. Housing for the millworkers was built in part from lumber salvaged from the companys abandoned Pennsylvania lumber operation. There were up to 1500 workers at the Rich Bros. mill and associated industries.</p><br>
<p>A logging railroad was constructed connecting Wanakena to the Carthage & Adirondack Railroad at Benson Mines, starting operation in 1905. The railroad allowed tourists easy access to the area. In 1913, a second railroad called the Grasse River Railroad was built by the Emporium Lumber Company, connecting Cranberry Lake to the New York Central Railroad at Childwold Station near Conifer, NY.</p><br>
<p>The Rich Bros. Lumber Co. donated 1,800 acre in the vicinity of Cranberry Lake to the New York State Ranger School in 1912. Businessman Charles Lathrop Pack donated 1,000 acre of what today is the Cranberry Lake Biological Station to the New York State College of Forestry in 1923. Six years later, in 1929, the International Paper Company donated 500 acre to the Ranger School. By 1940, the state had purchased most of the remaining lands of the former lumber companies.</p><br>
<p>Penang Hill is a hill resort comprising a group of peaks on Penang Island, Malaysia. It is located within the Air Itam suburb, 6 km west of the city centre of George Town. Penang Hill is also known by the Malay name Bukit Bendera, which actually refers to Flagstaff Hill, the most developed peak.</p><br>
<p>Penang Hill covers a number of hills, with the highest point at Western Hill which is 833 m above sea level. The hill stands out prominently from the lowlands as a hilly and forested area. It was used as a retreat during the British colonial period, and is now a popular tourist destination in Penang.</p><br>
<p>The top of the hill is accessible via the Penang Hill Railway from its base station at Hill Railway Station Road. To date, this funicular railway system is the only one of its kind in Malaysia, transporting over a million visitors to the peak of Penang Hill.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Captain Francis Light, founder of the colony in Penang, first plotted a horse track from the Penang Botanic Gardens waterfall up to the top of the hill in 1788. Its official name however was Flagstaff Hill, which is still reflected in its name in Malay, Bukit Bendera (literally "Flag Hill"). The name was a reference to the flagstaff outside "Bel Retiro", which was the residence of the Governor of Penang built by Francis Light c. 1789. The area is however widely known as Penang Hill which is in fact a collective term covering a number of hills, and the other names such as Flagstaff Hill, Strawberry Hill are still used for specific peaks in the area. The hill became a cool retreat for the British colonists from the heat of the lowlands and threat of malaria, and many bungalows were built on the summit of Penang Hill for government servants and army. A Convalescent Bungalow was built in 1803.</p><br>
<p>One of the earliest buildings was built by David Brown on Strawberry Hill which was given to Brown by Francis Light. The house however burnt down and then rebuilt in the 19th century, and it is currently used as a restaurant. The post office was first opened in 1894, and a hotel, the Crag Hotel, was established in 1895 (closed since World War II). The first police station was built in 1929, and the building is still standing here on the same site.</p><br>
<p>In the early days the only way to the top of hill was to travel on foot or horseback, or be carried on a dooly (sedan chair). The first attempt at a mountain railway on Penang Hill began in 1897 but it proved unsuccessful; it was built between 1901 and 1905 but had technical faults. The Straits government then organized a new project to construct the Penang Hill Funicular Railway at a cost of 1.5 million Straits dollars. The railway was first opened to the public on 21 October 1923 and officially opened on 1 January 1924. The funicular railway led to a sharp increase in residential development as it become a location for the building of holiday villas and bungalows by Europeans and wealthy local Chinese towkays alike. It also led to its development into a major tourist destination in Penang. A major revamp was initiated in 2010, with the overhaul of the railway that allows for faster access to the hill, as well as construction of facilities for visitors, walkways and viewing decks. It received well over a million visitors a year by 2012.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<h3>Topography</h3><br>
<p>Penang Hill is mainly a hilly granitic mass. The hill system is higher towards the northern part with its highest point at Western Hill, at an elevation of 833 m (2,723 ft) above sea level. Other than Western Hill, there are a number of peaks in the region, such as Bukit Laksamana (Malay for Admiral Hill), Tiger Hill, Flagstaff Hill, Haliburton&#39;s Hill and Government Hill. Flagstaff Hill is 735 m (2,450 ft) above sea level. A number of small rivers and streams originate from the region. Sungai Pinang (Malay for Penang River) is the largest of the rivers, and it starts from a number of tributaries in the area.</p><br>
<h3>Land use</h3><br>
<p>Because Penang Hill has a cooler environment, it has been a popular holiday retreat. A number of bungalows were built around Flagstaff Hill. The northern part of the Hills are not well developed. Government Hill, Bukit Timah (Malay for Tin Hill) and others are designated water catchment areas and no development is permitted.</p><br>
<p>Some recreational potential exists at the upper reaches of the river where the water is relatively clean. In a number of cases, sudden changes in ground level have resulted in a series of small waterfalls and rapids, where bathing, dipping and picnicking are popular.</p><br>
<p>The lower terrain of the Hills is used mainly for agricultural and residential purposes.</p><br>
<h3>Accessibility</h3><br>
<p>The most convenient way up to Penang Hill is by means of the Penang Hill Railway, a funicular railway from Air Itam to the top of Flagstaff Hill. The 2,007 m (1 mile 435 yard) journey used to take about half an hour and the train may stop at intermediate stations upon request. However, upgrades to the system now allows non-stop ride to the top in five to ten minutes.</p><br>
<p>For Malaysians, the fare for a return (round trip) ticket is RM10 per adult and RM4 per child aged between three and 12. For foreign tourists, the return fare would be RM30 for adults and RM15 for children aged seven to 12. Senior citizens and students will enjoy cheaper fares at RM4 per person. The ride continues to remain free of charge for disabled persons holding the OKU (Malay acronym for Orang Kurang Upaya) card. Penang Hill residents, licensed traders and hawkers and workers can purchase monthly season pass at RM24. The blue, air-conditioned Swiss-made coaches, capable of ferrying up to 100 passengers at one go, run from. The ticketing counter will be closed at 10:30pm daily.</p><br>
<p>Alternatively, there is a 5.1 km tarred road known popularly as the "jeep track". It is open only to the vehicles of hill residents. The "jeep track" is also used by off-road motorcycle enthusiasts to traverse up the steep terrain. It is a popular hiking route. It begins at the quarry at the entrance of the Penang Botanic Gardens and it takes a two or three-hour leisurely hike to reach the top. Some of the more famous pit stops at the mountain are 52 and 84. At these pit stops, a view of the island is visible to hikers, who are able to get some water and tea prepared by locals stationed on the hill. Eighty Four is the last pit stop before the top of Penang Hill – approximately forty five more minutes from 84.</p><br>
<p>Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, more commonly known as Summit Road, leads from the top station to the western part of the hill right towards Western Hill and Tiger Hill.</p><br>
<p>The eastern face of Penang Hill is well served by a series of roads and paths, for example, Moniot Road, Viaduct Road, and Tunnel Road. Moniot Road is named after a Frenchman, Michael Jules Moniot who surveyed it between 1846 and 1855. Moniot Road has been declared a Heritage Trail in 1995 by the Governor of Penang.</p><br>
<p>A system of bridle paths forms a picturesque labyrinth of walks connecting the different bungalows. Indian penal servitude prisoners shipped from Bencoolen, Sumatra to Penang during the second half of the 19th century built these by-paths.</p><br>
<p>Numerous trekking trails lead from various starting points in the lowlands to Penang Hill. The more popular trails include the Moongate Trail, trail from Air Itam Dam to Tiger Hill, trail from Hye Keat Estate and trail from the Municipal Park (formerly Youth Park). Some of the trails are used by farmers to transport produce to the markets of Balik Pulau and Air Itam.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The most important feature of Penang Hill is the cooler climate. The core summit area has an average temperature ranging from 20° to 27 °C. The mean minimum temperature is consistently below 21 °C. The hottest months are between December and April while the coolest months are between June and October. It is generally 5 degrees cooler than Georgetown.</p><br>
<h2>Plant and animal life</h2><br>
<h3>Flora</h3><br>
<p>The most common forest type found on Penang Hill is the hill dipterocarp forest. Growing at higher altitudes are some of the submontane oak-laurel as well as coniferous trees. The Tree fern which is normally associated with higher elevations is also found growing here.</p><br>
<p>Penang Hill is scientifically important as a type site of many Malaysian plant species. In the past, botanists came here to collect plants for herbaria around the world. It is an area rich in biodiversity and has a great number of endemic species, some of which are so rare that their existence is endangered.</p><br>
<p>The rare and endangered species include the parasitic plant Exorhopalia ruficeps, which grows in the shady and damp undergrowth. The Penang Slipper Orchid (Paphiopedilum barbatum) is fast becoming over-collected and disappearing. The endangered witch hazel Maingaya malayana was rediscovered years ago and has since been propagated.</p><br>
<h3>Fauna</h3><br>
<p>Large mammals are not found on Penang Hill. Wild boars, small and medium-sized mammals such as the squirrels, monkeys and tree shrews can be seen. A number of species found in these hills are nocturnal. These include the civets, flying lemurs, flying civets and bats.</p><br>
<p>In the evenings, the characteristic calls of the cicadas and crickets are often heard. If one is discerning enough, the stick insect and leaf mantis may be found well-camouflaged among the vegetation.</p><br>
<p>Penang Hill has a rich bird fauna. Over 100 species or about 80% of the birds found on Penang Island have been recorded here. They range from the common garden species to rare deep forest inhabitants.</p><br>
<h2>Attractions</h2><br>
<h3>Love Lock</h3><br>
<p>The lover&#39;s promenade is located 823 metres above sea level on the observation deck of the Bukit Bendera. It was launched on Valentine’s Day of 2014, and visitors may purchase padlocks, decorate them individually and have them secured along the fence.</p><br>
<h3>Viewing Deck</h3><br>
<p>At the apex of the hill near to the train station the focus is on enhancing visitors experience, maximizing the stunning views and resolving space needs. Both soft and hard landscaping have been extensively used to augment the hilltop forest experience. The holding area has been expanded for shade and shelter while large viewing decks and pathways with luxuriant planting have been fashioned into the slopes to create a journey of discovery. Three viewing decks with gardens at varying heights provide changing panoramic vistas while two additional platforms at the lower level allow rest under natural forest shading. The Skyway will allow stunning 360° views while fulfilling all accessibility needs.</p><br>
<h3>Curtis Crest</h3><br>
<p>Curtis Crest is a world class eco-tourism facility on the fringes of a 130-million year old virgin rainforest on Penang Hill. It is opened to the public on 1st May 2017. It aims to aspiring to promote environmental and conservation awareness amongst visitors through its nature trail, canopy walkways & zip lines allowing visitors to reconnect with nature at its best.</p><br>
<p>The Lungwebungu River  of south-west-central Africa is the largest tributary of the upper Zambezi River. The headwaters of the Lungwebungu are in central Angola at an elevation around 1400 m, and it flows south-east across the southern African plateau. Within 50 km it has developed the character which it keeps for most of its course, of extremely intricate meanders, with multiple channels and oxbow lakes, in a swampy channel about 800 m wide which in turn is in a shallow valley with a floodplain 3 to 5 km wide, inundated in the rainy season. The edges of the floodplain are a white sandy soil covered in thin forest. The main river channel grows from 50 m wide to 200 m wide near the Zambezi, and its floodplain suddenly broadens as it merges with that of the Zambezi, at the beginning of the Barotse Floodplain, which is 25 km wide at that point.</p><br>
<p>The length of the river is about 645 km but so extreme and tight is its meandering that if</p><br>
<p>stretched out like a piece of string its length would be a multiple of three or four times that figure.</p><br>
<p>While the river is a valuable resource to people living near it as a source of fish, its meanders make it unsuitable for water transport except in the rainy season when canoes and small boats can ride on the flood.</p><br>
<p>The Ma River  is a river in Asia, originating in northwestern Vietnam. It runs for 400 km through Vietnam, Laos, and then back through Vietnam, meeting the sea at the Gulf of Tonkin.</p><br>
<p>The largest tributaries of the Ma River are the Chu River (or the Nam Sam River as it is called in Laos), the Bưởi River, and the Cầu Chày River. All of them join the Ma River in Thanh Hóa Province in North Central Vietnam.</p><br>
<p>The Ma River creates the Ma River Delta (also called the Thanh Hóa Delta), the third largest in Vietnam.</p><br>
<p>The Ma River Delta used to be near Vietnam&#39;s southern frontier. It was the center of Cuu-Chan, the southern of the Vietnam&#39;s two prefectures under the rule of the Nanyue in the 2nd century BC.</p><br>
<p>The Mano River is a river in West Africa. It originates in the Guinea Highlands in Liberia and forms part of the Liberia-Sierra Leone border.</p><br>
<p>The districts through which the river flows include the Parrot&#39;s Beak area of Guinea, Liberia&#39;s Lofa County and the Kono and Kailahun District of Sierra Leone. Diamond mining is a major industry in these areas. Control of the area&#39;s wealth and the instability of the national governments of all three countries led to a series of violent conflicts involving these districts in the 1990s (See Sierra Leone Civil War, First Liberian Civil War, Second Liberian Civil War).</p><br>
<p>Liberia and Sierra Leone founded the Mano River Union in 1973. Guinea joined in 1980. It was reactivated in 2004 as a customs and economic union; Côte d&#39;Ivoire joined in 2008.</p><br>
<p>stack</p><br>
<p>The Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago (Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo) is a group of 15 small islets and rocks in the central equatorial Atlantic Ocean. It lies in the Intertropical Convergence Zone, a region of the Atlantic characterized by low average winds punctuated with local thunderstorms. It lies approximately 510 nmi from the nearest point of mainland South America (the northeastern Brazilian coastal town of Touros); 625 km northeast of the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha; 990 km from the city of Natal; and 1,824 km from the west coast of Africa. Administratively, the archipelago belongs to Brazil and is part of the special "state district" (distrito estadual) of Fernando de Noronha, in the state of Pernambuco, in spite of the very large distance between the two island groups and the even larger distance to the state mainland.</p><br>
<p>The islets expose serpentinized abyssal mantle peridotite and kaersutite-bearing ultramafic mylonite atop the world&#39;s highest and yet only second largest megamullion (after the Parece Vela megamullion under Okinotorishima in the Pacific Ocean). This grouping is the sole location in the Atlantic Ocean where the abyssal mantle is exposed above sea level.</p><br>
<p>In 1986, the archipelago was designated an environmentally protected area.</p><br>
<p>This is now part of the Fernando de Noronha Environmental Protection Area.</p><br>
<p>Since 1998, the Brazilian Navy has maintained a permanently manned research facility on the islands.</p><br>
<p>The main economic activity around the islets is tuna fishing.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On April 20, 1511, a Portuguese Navy fleet composed of six caravels under the command of Captain Garcia de Noronha discovered the islets by accident while on their journey to India. While navigating in open sea at late night, the Saint Peter caravel, under the command of Captain Manuel de Castro Alcoforado, crashed against the islets. The crew was rescued by the Saint Paul caravel, forming the name given to the islets.</p><br>
<p>On the morning of February 16, 1832, the rocks were visited by Charles Darwin on the first leg of his voyage on HMS Beagle around the world. Darwin listed all the fauna he could find; noting that not a single plant or even a lichen could be found on the island. Darwin found two birds, a booby and a noddy, a large crab that stole the fish intended for baby birds, a fly that lived on the booby and a parasitic tick. He found a moth that lived on feathers, a beetle, a woodlouse that lived on dung, and numerous spiders that he thought lived on scavengers of the waterfowl. Darwin felt that these rocks represented how life first took hold on a newly formed outcrop. Darwin was correct in noting that, unusually, these small islands were not volcanic, but were instead formed by a geologic uplift. Darwins account formed the basis of a fictionalized episode in Patrick OBrian&#39;s historical novel HMS Surprise, when the naturalist Stephen Maturin is briefly marooned and survives by drinking fouled rainwater and the blood of boobies.</p><br>
<p>The then called “St. Pauls Rocks” were visited by James Clark Ross on 29 November 1839. He was in charge of an expedition to the Antarctic regions with two vessels, HMS Erebus and HMS Terror. Robert McCormick gave some geological and biological remarks on St. Pauls Rocks in the report on the expedition.</p><br>
<p>Another famous person to visit the rocks was Ernest Shackleton, on his last expedition to Antarctica (1921–1922).</p><br>
<p>In 1942, during World War II, the islets were declared to be part of the Federal Territory of Fernando de Noronha (which also included the Rocas Atoll).</p><br>
<p>In early 1960, the rocks served as the starting-point and terminus for the first submerged circumnavigation of the world by the American nuclear-powered submarine.</p><br>
<h3>Scientific station</h3><br>
<p>On June 25, 1998, the Brazilian Navy inaugurated the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago Scientific Station (Estação Científica do Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo; ECASPSP). The station is manned with four researchers, who are rotated in and out every 15 days. By maintaining permanent occupation of the archipelago, the Brazilian Navy extends Brazil&#39;s Exclusive Economic Zone, territorial waters and airspace into the North Atlantic Ocean.</p><br>
<p>On June 5–6, 2006, an earthquake with a magnitude of above six on the Richter magnitude scale rocked the archipelago. The strong tidal surge following the earthquake caused the battery compartment to crash against the station&#39;s outer wall, allowing sea water to flood the station. The four researchers who were on the archipelago took shelter in the lighthouse, while maintaining constant contact with the Brazilian Navy. A fishing vessel located nearby rescued the researchers, who were then transferred to a Brazilian Navy patrol boat. The incident caused considerable damage to the station and equipment. The station was repaired on September 9–11, 2006, and became operational shortly after.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, the Brazilian Navy started to build a new scientific station on the archipelago. Construction began on July 24, 2007, and was completed on June 25, 2008. The new station was built with seismic isolation, and is considerably larger and better equipped than the previous one. The station is composed of a main building - equipped with reverse osmosis salt water desalination system, photovoltaics system and satellite communications system; deposits and a mooring dock.</p><br>
<p>The Brazilian Navy also maintains a lighthouse on the archipelago, (ARLHS: SPP-001), built in 1995 to replace a previous one from 1930.</p><br>
<h3>Air France Flight 447</h3><br>
<p>On June 1, 2009, Air France Flight 447, an Airbus A330-200 jetliner en route from Rio de Janeiro to Paris with 228 persons on board crashed on the Atlantic Ocean relatively close to the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago, killing all its occupants. Bodies and fragments from the aircraft were found near the archipelago.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Saint Peter and Saint Paul Rocks are situated in the Atlantic Ocean, 100 km north of the Equator and are the only group of Brazilian oceanic islets in the Northern Hemisphere. The nearest point in the Brazilian coast, is Cabo do Calcanhar, Rio Grande do Norte, approximately 1,010 km from the archipelago. The total emerged area is about 4.2 acre and the maximum land elevation is 18 m, on Nordeste Island. The archipelago is composed of several rocks, five small rocky islets and four larger islets:</p><br>
<p>Belmonte Islet: 5,380 m&sup2</p><br>
<p>Challenger Islet (also known as São Paulo): 3,000 m&sup2</p><br>
<p>Nordeste Islet (also known as São Pedro): 1,440 m&sup2</p><br>
<p>Cabral Islet: 1,170 m&sup2</p><br>
<p>South Islet: 943 m&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>Their base is over 3,650 m below sea level.</p><br>
<p>None of the islets has a permanent fresh water supply available.</p><br>
<h2>Biology</h2><br>
<p>Only the largest of the islets, Belmonte, is vegetated with mosses and grasses. The other rocks are mostly barren, except for some sea algae and fungi that can tolerate the salt spray. The rocks are inhabited by seabirds, including the brown booby (Sula leucogaster), brown noddy (Anous stolidus), and black noddy (Anous minutus), as well as crabs (Grapsus grapsus), insects and spiders.</p><br>
<p>Lake Murray is the largest lake in Papua New Guinea. It is located in the Middle Fly District, Western Province at {{coord|7|S|141.5|E}}, which covers approximately 647 km² and in the wet season increases to five times the size. It has a highly convoluted shoreline more than 2000 km long.</p><br>
<p>The lake has been a source of nourishment for many of the local peoples. Freshwater sawfish have been caught in its shallow waters to feed the crocodiles in a farming operation.</p><br>
<p>Indigenous tribes of around 5000 people own the lake and the surrounding one million hectares of forest.</p><br>
<p>Also, a cryptid known as "Murray" purportedly lives, or used to live, in the lake. This creature was described as resembling a theropod dinosaur such as Tyrannosaurus.. Along with the "Murray", Lake Murray is known for a large population of Peacock Bass that were introduced by Indian merchants.</p><br>
<h2>Illegal logging</h2><br>
<p>In 2003, logging company Concord Pacific was forced out of the area by Greenpeace and other NGO&#39;s. 100,000 hectares of ancient forest was degraded by the logging along the Kiunga-Aiambak road.</p><br>
<h2>Greenpeace Global Forest Rescue Station (GFRS)</h2><br>
<p>Lake Murray was the site of a Greenpeace Australia Pacific Global Forest Rescue Station. Forty volunteers from 25 countries worked with the local Kuni, Begwa and Pari tribes to identify and mark land ownership. The boundary marking was the precursor to a community based eco-forestry project. Ecotimber has since been harvested, shipped to Australia and sold with the benefit of Forestry Stewardship Council certification.</p><br>
<p>Ilha da Queimada Grande, also known as Snake Island, one of many Snake Islands around the world, is an island off the coast of Brazil in the Atlantic Ocean. It is administered as part of the municipality of Peruíbe in the State of São Paulo. The island is small in size and has many different types of terrain, ranging from bare rock to rainforest. The island has a temperate climate. The island is the only home of the critically endangered, venomous Bothrops insularis , which has a diet of birds. The snakes became trapped on the island when rising sea levels covered up the land that connected it to the mainland. This left the snakes to adapt to their environment, increase rapidly in population and render the island dangerous to public visitation. Queimada Grande is closed to the public in order to protect this snake population; access is only available to the Brazilian Navy and selected researchers vetted by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation, the Brazilian federal conservation unit.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Located approximately 33 km off the coast of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, the island is approximately 430,000 m&sup2; in area. The island ranges in elevation from sea level to 206 m above sea level. The island has a temperate climate that is similar to its neighbouring island Nimer. 0.25 km&sup2; of the island is covered by rain forest; the remaining areas consist of barren rocks and open grassland. Queimada Grande ranges from an average of 18.38 &deg;C in August to 27.28 &deg;C in March, and rainfall ranges from 0.2 mm per month in July to 135.2 mm in December.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Ilha da Queimada Grande has a variety of vegetation. The island is partly covered in rainforest and partly bare rock and grassy cleared areas, a result of deforestation. The deforestation is the origin of the island&#39;s name: the term “Queimada”, in Portuguese, means to burn because when locals attempted to clear land for a banana plantation on the island, they had to clear rainforest using this technique. A lighthouse was constructed in 1909 to steer ships away from the island. The last human inhabitants left the island when the lighthouse was converted to being automated.</p><br>
<p>The island and the Ilha Queimada Pequena to the west are protected by the 33 hectare Ilhas Queimada Pequena e Queimada Grande Area of Relevant Ecological Interest, created in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Brazilian Navy has closed the island to the public and the only people who are allowed on the island are research teams who receive waivers to collect data.</p><br>
<h2>Endangerment</h2><br>
<p>Because there are so many snakes on one island, by some estimates one snake to every square meter of the island, there is competition for resources. Despite a population of 41 recorded bird species on Queimada Grande, the golden lancehead relies on only two: the Troglodytes musculus (the southern house wren), which is able to avoid the golden lancehead as a predator, and the Elaenia chilensis (a species of flycatcher), which feeds on vegetation in the same area as the snake. The island was thought to have a population of about 430,000 snakes, but recent estimates are much lower. The first systematic study of the population of the golden lancehead found the population to be 2,000 to 4,000, concentrated almost entirely in the rainforest area of the island. This might have happened because there was a limited amount of resources and the population became level, but in 2015 an estimate by a herpetologist on a Discovery Channel documentary stated that the population remains at 2,000 to 4,000 golden lanceheads. The Bothrops insularis also may be at risk from inbreeding, effects of which are evident in the population. Because of the overall low population of the golden lancehead, the snake was labelled critically endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. It also was placed on the list of Brazil&#39;s endangered animals. The island is also home to a smaller population of Dipsas albifrons, a non-venomous snake species.</p><br>
<p>Black Lake is a lake in the northern part of New York in the United States and is the largest lake in Saint Lawrence County. The lake is south of the Saint Lawrence River and parallels the river for many miles.</p><br>
<p>Black Lake is of glacial origin, having been formed by the melting of continental glaciation in the state around 12,000 years ago.</p><br>
<p>Water flows into the lake from several sources, the largest being the Indian River. The lake drains into the Oswegatchie River and then into the Saint Lawrence River. The northeast end of the lake is south of Ogdensburg, New York.</p><br>
<h2>Fishing</h2><br>
<p>The water is brown stained and at times visibility gets down to under 2 feet at times. There are many species of fish present in the lake such as largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, walleye, northern pike, black crappie, bluegill, yellow perch, brown bullhead some have come across Sturgeons.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people from the area</h2><br>
<p>George A. Mitchell, founder of Cadillac, Michigan</p><br>
<h2>Businesses</h2><br>
<p>The Log Cabins is a small, family-owned business located on Black Lake open from April to October. Cabins, ranging from two to five bedrooms, as well as boats, of various sizes, are available to rent right on the water. In addition, there is a small store where bait, tackle, clothing, and groceries are available.</p><br>
<p>The Mackenzie Mountains are a mountain range forming part of the Yukon-Northwest Territories boundary between the Liard and Peel rivers. The range is named in honour of Canada&#39;s second prime minister, Alexander Mackenzie, as well as the explorer. Nahanni National Park Reserve is in the Mackenzie Mountains.</p><br>
<p>The Mackenzie Mountains hold about 55% of the world&#39;s known reserves of tungsten. The mining town of Tungsten, site of the Cantung Mine is in the Mackenzie Mountains. Only two roads lead into the Mackenzie Mountains, both in the Yukon: the Nahanni Range Road leading to the townsite of Tungsten and the Canol Road leading to the Macmillan Pass.</p><br>
<p>The highest mountain in this range is Keele Peak at 2,972 m. The second highest mountain is Mount Nirvana. It is, at 2,773 m, the highest mountain in the Northwest Territories.</p><br>
<p>The Silurian fish family Archipelepididae has been described from specimens found in the Mackenzie Mountains.</p><br>
<p>The Yoshino River  is a river on the island of Shikoku, Japan. It is 194 km long and has a watershed of 3,750 km&sup2;. It is the second longest river in Shikoku , and is the only river whose watershed spreads over the four prefectures of the island.</p><br>
<p>It is regarded as one of the three greatest rivers of Japan along with the Tone and the Chikugo, and is nicknamed Shikoku Saburō (四国三郎; Saburō is a popular given name for a third son).</p><br>
<p>The Yoshino rises from Mount Kamegamori (瓶ケ森) in Ino, Kōchi Prefecture and flows to the east. In Otoyo it turns to the north and crosses the Shikoku Mountains. The gorge, named Ōboke Koboke, is a famous tourist attraction of Shikoku. In Ikeda, Tokushima Prefecture it turns to the east again and pours into the sea at the north of Tokushima city. Its major tributaries include Ananai, Iya, Dōzan, Sadamitsu, and Anabuki.</p><br>
<p>The river has some "submerged bridges" (潜水橋 Sensuikyō), equivalents of Chinkabashi of the Shimanto, which lack parapets in order not to be washed away by floods. Reconstruction of the Yoshino Daiju Dam (吉野川第十堰 Yoshino-gawa Daijūzeki) near its mouth provoked much controversy among environmentalists.</p><br>
<p>Sangay  is an active stratovolcano in central Ecuador. It is the most active volcano in Ecuador, despite erupting only three times in recorded history, because the eruption that started in 1934 is still ongoing. It exhibits mostly strombolian activity. Geologically, Sangay marks the southern boundary of the Northern Volcanic Zone, and its position straddling two major pieces of crust accounts for its high level of activity. Sangay&#39;s approximately 500,000-year-old history is one of instability; two previous versions of the mountain were destroyed in massive flank collapses, evidence of which still litters its surroundings today.</p><br>
<p>Due to its remoteness, Sangay hosts a significant biological community with fauna such as the mountain tapir, giant otter, Andean cock-of-the-rock and king vulture. Since 1983, its ecological community has been protected as part of the Sangay National Park. Although climbing the mountain is hampered by its remoteness, poor weather conditions, river flooding, and the danger of falling ejecta, the volcano is regularly climbed, a feat first achieved by Robert T. Moore in 1929.</p><br>
<h2>Geological setting</h2><br>
<p>Lying at the eastern edge of the Andean cordillera, Sangay was formed by volcanic processes associated with the subduction of the Nazca Plate under the South American Plate at the Peru–Chile Trench. It is the southernmost volcano in the Northern Volcanic Zone, a subgroup of Andean volcanoes whose northern limit is Nevado del Ruiz in Colombia.</p><br>
<p>The next active volcano in the chain, Sabancaya, is in Peru, a distant 1,600 km to the south. Sangay lies above a seismogenic tectonic slab located about 130 km beneath Sabancaya, reflecting a sharp difference in the thermal character of the subducted oceanic crust, between older rock beneath southern Ecuador and Peru (dated more than 32 million years old), and younger rock under northern Ecuador and Colombia (dated less than 22 million years old). The older southern rock is more thermally stable than the northern crust, and to this is attributed the long break in volcanic activity in the Andes; Sangay occupies a position at the boundary between these two bodies, accounting for its high level of activity.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Sangay developed in three distinct phases. Its oldest edifice, formed between 500,000 and 250,000 years ago, is evidenced today by a wide scattering of material opening to the east, defined by a crest about 4,000 m high. This first Sangay, pockmarked by secondary ridges, is thought to have been 15 - in diameter, with a summit located 2 to 3 km southeast of the present summit. The curved shape of the remnants of this first structure indicates that it suffered a massive flank collapse, scattering the nearby forest lowlands with debris and causing a large part of its southern caldera wall to slide off the mountain, forming an embayment lower on its slopes. This 400 m thick block, the best preserved specimen of Sangay&#39;s early construction, consists of sequentially layered breccias, pyroclastic flows, and lahar deposits. Acidic andesites with just under 60% silicon dioxide dominate these flows, but more basic andesites can be found as well.</p><br>
<p>Sangays second edifice began to form anew after the massive sector collapse that damaged the first, being constructed between 100,000 and 50,000 years ago. Remnants of its second structure lie within the southern and eastern parts of the debris from its first collapse; some remnants of the volcano lie to the west and north as well. Sangays second structure is believed to have had an east-to-west elongated summit, and like its first summit structure, it suffered a catastrophic collapse that created a debris avalanche 5 km wide and up to 20 km in length. It was likely less voluminous than the volcanos first version, and its summit lay near Sangays current one.</p><br>
<p>Sangay currently forms an almost perfect glacier-capped cone 5,230 m high, with a 35° slope and a slight northeast-southwest tilt. Its eastern flank marks the edge of the Amazon Rainforest, and its western flank is a flat plain of volcanic ash, sculpted into steep gorges up to 600 m deep by heavy rainfall. It has a west-east trending summit ridge, capped by three active craters and a lava dome. Sangay has been active in its current form for at least 14,000 years, and is still filling out the area left bare by its earlier incarnations, being smaller than either of them. Uniquely, in its 500,000 years of activity, its magma plume has never changed composition or moved a significant distance.</p><br>
<p>Mainly andesitic in composition, Sangay is highly active. The earliest report of a historical eruption was in 1628; The volcano erupted again in 1728, remaining essentially continuously active through 1916, with particularly heavy activity in 1738–1744, 1842–1843, 1849, 1854–1859, 1867–1874, 1872, and 1903. After a brief pause, it erupted again on August 8, 1934, and has not completely quelled ever since, with heavy eruptive periods occurring in 1934–1937 and 1941–1942.</p><br>
<p>Eruptions at Sangay exhibit strombolian activity, producing ashfall, lava flows, pyroclastic flows, and lahars. All known eruptions at the volcano have had a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 3. Despite its activity, Sangay is located in a remote, uninhabited region; only a large Plinian eruption could threaten occupied areas 30 - to its west. Nonetheless, a flank collapse on its eastern side, possible given the volcano&#39;s construction and history, could displace nearby forest and possibly affect settlements. Access to the volcano is difficult, as its current eruptive state constantly peppers the massif with molten rock and other ejecta. For these reasons it is not nearly as well-studied as other, similarly-active volcanoes in the Andes and elsewhere; the first detailed study of the volcano was not published until 1999.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>Sangay is one of two active volcanoes located within the namesake Sangay National Park, the other being Tungurahua to the north. As such it has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1983. The areas isolation has allowed it to maintain a pristine ecology relatively untouched by human interaction, and the park hosts a biome ranging from alpine glaciers on the volcanoes peaks to tropical forest on their flanks. Altitude and rainfall are the most significant local factors affecting fauna, and therefore the most lush ecosystems are found on the wetter parts of the volcano&#39;s eastern slope.</p><br>
<p>The highest level below the snowline is dominated by lichen and bryophytes. Below this lies a zone of small trees and shrubs which develops into montane forest, principally in western valleys and on well-irrigated eastern slopes, which occurs below 3,750 m. Tree heights develop from 5 m near the top to up to 12 m below 3,000 m; below 2,000 m, subtropical rainforest is present, with temperatures between 18 and and up to 500 cm of rainfall.</p><br>
<p>Fauna is similarly distributed, with distinct altitudinal zonation present. The highest altitudes support the endangered mountain tapir (Tapirus pinchaque), cougar (Puma concolor), guinea pig (Cavia porcellus), and Andean fox (Lycalopex culpaeus). Lower down, the spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus), jaguar (Panthera onca), ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), margay (Leopardus wiedii), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), brocket deers (Mazama sp.), vulnerable northern pudú (Pudu mephistophiles), and endangered giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) can all be found. Bird species common in the area include the Andean condor (Vultur gryphus), Andean cock-of-the-rock (Rupicola peruvianus), giant hummingbird (Patagona gigas), torrent duck (Merganetta armata), king vulture (Sarcoramphus papa), and swallow-tailed kite (Elanoides forficatus).</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Hale Farm and Village is a historic property of the Western Reserve Historical Society in Bath Township, Summit County, Ohio, United States. It is within the boundaries of the Cuyahoga Valley National Park. Hale Farm was the original homestead of Jonathan Hale, a Connecticut farmer who migrated to the Western Reserve in 1810. In 1973 Hale Farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Jonathan Hale Homestead. The Hale House was built in 1825.</p><br>
<h2>Wheatfield</h2><br>
<p>The Western Reserve Historical Society opened Hale Farm in 1958 after receiving the property from Clara Belle Ritchie, descendant of Jonathan Hale.</p><br>
<p>The eastern half of Hale Farm and Village is a living history museum that has a variety of historical buildings, most relocated from elsewhere. This recreated village is called Wheatfield. The majority of Wheatfields structures are inhabited by people who present information on their location but acknowledge the modern world. This technique is known as third-person interpretation. First-person interpretation means that the inhabitants of a structure work as actors who play out the livelihood of a certain year and setting. The timeframe reenacted by the first-person interpreters at Wheatfield was 1862 in 2007. Each year, the actors will move forward one year, until they reach 1865, the end of the American Civil War, at which point they will revert to 1861, which was the beginning of the war. They also offer programs such as A Fugitives Path to Freedom.</p><br>
<p>Hale Farm and Village also has demonstrations of various nineteenth-century trades such as candle, broom, and brick making, glass blowing, and a blacksmith shop.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Valley is an extended populated valley, approximately 30 miles  long and 5 miles  wide, located along the Colorado River in Mesa County, Colorado and Grand County, Utah in the United States. The valley contains the city of Grand Junction, as well as other smaller communities such as Fruita, and Palisade. The valley is noted as a major fruit growing region, with a large number of orchards. It takes its name from the "Grand River", the historical name of the Colorado River upstream from its confluence with the Green River that was used by locals in the late 19th and early 20th century. The valley is the most densely populated area on the Colorado Western Slope, with Grand Junction serving as an unofficial capital of the region, as a counterpoint to Denver on the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains in the Colorado Front Range. Interstate 70 and USA Highway 6 run through the valley from west-to-east. The Grand Valley is part of the larger Colorado Plateau desert lands.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The valley begins where the Colorado River widens at the mouth of De Beque Canyon to the east of Palisade, then follows a wide arc bending to the west/southwest. The Colorado receives the Gunnison River, one of its major tributaries, just south of Grand Junction near the midpoint of the valley. The valley is surrounded by large plateau formations, including the Bookcliffs along the north side, the Grand Mesa along the southeast side, and the Uncompahgre Plateau to the southwest. Colorado National Monument sits on a ridge on the southwest side of the valley west of Grand Junction. Much of the surrounding table land areas rimming the valley are public lands controlled by the Bureau of Land Management.</p><br>
<p>The valley was an area historically occupied by the Ute people. White settlers began to arrive in the 1880s, farming the valley for a variety of grains and fruits. In the 1890s, it was discovered that sugar beets grown in the valley had a high sugar content, leading to widespread cultivation of that crop. At the turn of the 20th century, evaporation techniques allowed fruit growers to ship their products more efficiently to distant markets, yielding an expansion of fruit growing in the valley. In 1918, the Government Highline Canal was completed to provide water to cultivate 50,000 acres (20.0 km²) in the valley. The project included a roller dam in De Beque Canyon, the largest of three such dams of this type in the nation.</p><br>
<p>According to local legend, the valley was cursed by the native Utes upon their forced exodus to federal reservation grounds in Utah. The legend states, among other things, that no person born in the valley may leave permanently unless a small amount of sand is collected from the Grand Mesa, Bookcliffs, Colorado National Monument, and/or the junction of the Gunnison and Colorado rivers. The sand is supposed to alleviate the curses effects of a supernatural and metaphysical attraction by the valleys soil to the native individual. Of course, this is a myth and cannot be confirmed. However, many exiting locals, native and non-native alike, prefer not to take their chances with the alleged curse and keep the sand long after emigrating from the valley.</p><br>
<p>Trindade and Martin Vaz  is an archipelago located about 1,170 km east of Vitória in the Southern Atlantic Ocean, belonging to the State of Espírito Santo, Southeast Brazil. The archipelago has a total area of 10.4 km&sup2; and a population of 32 . The archipelago consists of five islands and several rocks and stacks; Trindade is the largest island, with an area of 10.1 km&sup2 about 49 km east of it are the tiny Martin Vaz islets, with a total area of 0.3 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>The islands are of volcanic origin and have rugged terrain. They are largely barren, except for the southern part of Trindade. They were discovered in 1502 by Portuguese explorer Estêvão da Gama and stayed Portuguese until they became part of Brazil at its independence. From 1895 to 1896, Trindade was occupied by the United Kingdom until an agreement with Brazil was reached. During the period of British occupation, Trindade was known as "South Trinidad."</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The individual islands with their respective locations are given in the following:</p><br>
<p>Ilha da Trindade (Portuguese for "Trinity Island") (20&deg;31&prime;30&Prime;S latitude, 29&deg;19&prime;30&Prime;W longitude)</p><br>
<p>Ilhas de Martim Vaz (20&deg;30&prime;00&Prime;S latitude, 28&deg;51&prime;00&Prime;W longitude)</p><br>
<p>Ilha do Norte ("North Island"), 300 m north-northwest of Ilha da Racha, 75 m high. (20&deg;30&prime;00&Prime;S latitude, 28&deg;51&prime;00&Prime;W longitude)</p><br>
<p>Ilha da Racha ("Crack Island") or Ilha Martim Vaz, the largest, 175 m high near the northwest end. The shores are strewn with boulders. (20&deg;30&prime;18&Prime;S latitude, 29&deg;20&prime;42&Prime;W longitude)</p><br>
<p>Rochedo da Agulha ("Needle Rock"), a flat circular rock 200 m northwest of Ilha da Racha, is 60 m high.</p><br>
<p>Ilha do Sul ("South Island"), 1,600 m south of Ilha da Racha, is a rocky pinnacle. Ilha do Sul is the easternmost point of Brazil. (20&deg;31&prime;00&Prime;S latitude, 28&deg;51&prime;00&Prime;W longitude)</p><br>
<h3>Trindade</h3><br>
<p>The small island of Trindade, with an area of 10.3 km², lies at the eastern end of an E-W-trending chain of submarine volcanoes and guyots extending about 1,000 km (620 mi) from the continental shelf off the Brazilian coast. The island lies more than halfway between Brazil and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near the eastern end of the submarine Vitória-Trindade Ridge.</p><br>
<p>Trindade is a mountainous, desiccated volcanic island with numerous phonolitic lava domes and steep-sided volcanic plugs. The highest summit is Pico Desejado, near the center, 620 m high. Nearby to the northwest are Pico da Trindade (590 m) and Pico Bonifácio (570 m). Pico Monumento, a remarkable peak in the form of a slightly inclined cylinder, rises from the west coast to 270 m. The youngest volcanism, at Vulcão do Paredão (217 m) on the southeast tip of the island, constructed a pyroclastic cone with lava flows that are no older than the Holocene (Almeida, 1961). Remnants of the crater of the 200 m cinder cone are still preserved. Lava flows traveled from the cone to the north, where they formed an irregular shoreline and offshore islands. Smaller volcanic centers of the latest volcanic stage are found in the Morro Vermelho (515 m) area in the south-central part of the island.</p><br>
<p>Until 1850, the island was covered 85% of its length by a forest of Colubrina glandulosa trees, 15m in height and 40 cm trunk diameter. The introduction of non-endemic animals like goats, pigs, sheep, etc. and the indiscriminate cutting of trees led to total extinction of the same, causing heavy erosion throughout the island with a loss of about 1 to 2 meter of fertile soils. The effect of this devastation impaired the flow of water streams, with the depletion of several springs.</p><br>
<p>There is a small settlement in the north on the shore of a cove called Enseada dos Portugueses, supporting a garrison of the Brazilian Navy, 32 strong.</p><br>
<p>The archipelago is the main nesting site of the green sea turtle in Brazil. There are also large numbers of breeding seabirds, including the endemic subspecies of the Great frigatebird (Fregata minor nicolli) and Lesser frigatebird (F. ariel trinitatis), and it is only Atlantic breeding site for the Trindade petrel. Humpback whales have been confirmed to use the Trindade island as a nursery.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>16th to 18th century</h3><br>
<p>The Trindade and Martin Vaz Islands were discovered in 1502 by Portuguese navigators led by Estêvão da Gama, and, along with Brazil, became part of the Portuguese Empire.</p><br>
<p>Many visitors have been to Martin Vaz, the most famous of whom was the English astronomer Edmund Halley, who took possession of the island on behalf of the British Monarchy in 1700.</p><br>
<p>Captain La Pérouse stopped there at the outset of his 1785 voyage to the Pacific.</p><br>
<h3>19th to 20th century</h3><br>
<p>In 1889, Edward Frederick Knight went treasure hunting on the island. He was unsuccessful but he wrote a detailed description of the island and his expedition, titled The Cruise of the Alerte.</p><br>
<p>In 1893 another American, James Harden-Hickey, claimed the island and declared himself as James I, Prince of Trinidad. According to James Harden-Hickey&#39;s plans, Trinidad, after being recognized as an independent country, would become a military dictatorship and have him as dictator. He designed postage stamps, a national flag, and a coat of arms; established a chivalric order, the "Cross of Trinidad&quot bought a schooner to transport colonists; appointed M. le Comte de la Boissiere as Secretary of State; opened a consular office at 217 West 36th Street in New York City; and even issued government bonds to finance construction of infrastructure on the island. Despite his plans, his idea was ridiculed or ignored by the world.</p><br>
<p>In July 1895, the British again tried to take possession of this strategic position in the Atlantic. The British planned to use the island as a cable station. However, Brazilian diplomatic efforts, along with Portuguese support, reinstated Trindade Island to Brazilian sovereignty.</p><br>
<p>In order to clearly demonstrate sovereignty over the island, now part of the State of Espírito Santo and the municipality of Vitória, a landmark was built on January 24, 1897. Nowadays, Brazilian presence is marked by a permanent Brazilian Navy base on the main island.</p><br>
<p>In July 1910 the ship Terra Nova carrying the last expedition of Captain Robert Falcon Scott to the Antarctic arrived at the island, at the time uninhabited. Some members of the Scott&#39;s expedition explored the island with scientific purposes, and a description of it is included in The Worst Journey in the World, by Apsley Cherry-Garrard, one of the members of the expedition.</p><br>
<p>In August 1914, the Imperial German Navy established a supply base for its warships off Trindade. On September 14, 1914, the Royal Navy auxiliary cruiser fought the German off Trindade in the Battle of Trindade. Carmania sank Cap Trafalgar, but sustained severe damage herself.</p><br>
<p>The island of Vilsandi, Kihelkonna Parish, Saare County, Estonia is located in the Baltic Sea. It covers an area of some 9 square km and is the westernmost populated island in Estonia. The surrounding waters are shallow and rocky and many ships travelling the Baltic have perished nearby. The island of Vilsandi can be reached by boat, by truck having suitable clearance or on foot by wading from Saaremaa. Much of the island is now part of Vilsandi National Park, which grew from a bird reserve founded in 1910. It is a highly sensitive ecosystem due to the use of the area by many migratory birds as a breeding and nesting ground. Hunting is absolutely prohibited. This park is a popular tourist destination not only for local Estonians, but also people of Finland who are visiting Estonia in greater and greater numbers.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1703, a ship owned by Dutchman Johann Doll ran aground and sank in the Baltic Sea. Doll managed to get ashore to a nearby island and named the island “Felsland” meaning rocky island. He stayed to live there and, over time, Doll’s farm became known in Estonian as Tolli talu (farm) and Felsland became known as Vilsandi.</p><br>
<p>Due to its location alongside a maritime trade route, it was important to seafaring nations that Vilsandi have some shelter for shipwreck survivors. This was especially important to the Russian Tsar and the first shelter on the island was built in 1806. This was followed by the construction of a 37-meter high lighthouse in 1809. A lifesaving station was built beside the lighthouse in 1859 and a telegraph line was installed in 1883, primarily to communicate news about ships running aground.</p><br>
<p>The earliest known family settled on Vilsandi in 1826 and in 1896 this family took the surname of Mänder. Over time, as the letter “ä” was not familiar to the various non-Estonian seamen in the area, some family members changed Mänder to Mender because it was easier to spell. By 1860, 18 families lived on the island. In 1934 a census recorded that 32 families and 169 people lived on Vilsandi, sustained mainly by fishing (flounder, cod, salmon) and seafaring. The surrounding ocean is shallow with some depths to 22 m. In 1931 a seabird museum was built on Vilsandi and before World War II (1939 - 1945) there were about 200 permanent residents on the island and about 3,000 – 5,000 tourists that would visit during the summer months.</p><br>
<p>In 1870, the British ship Admiral ran aground near Vilsandi and many barrels of a new product, petroleum - the oil economy didn’t exist yet - washed ashore and were used for fuel at Vilsandi’s lighthouse and island homes, replacing firewood and flax oil.</p><br>
<p>Artur Toom (1884-1942) was appointed to manage Vilsandi’s lighthouse in 1906 and he was instrumental in having the small Vaika islands just northwest of Vilsandi designated as a maritime bird reserve in 1910. The islands comprise a sensitive marine ecosystem used by a multitude of migratory birds as breeding and nesting grounds.</p><br>
<h3>World War I</h3><br>
<p>During World War I, in October 1917, Germany launched Operation Albion, a massive fleet of over 300 ships and 25,000 soldiers, to occupy Saaremaa and other Baltic islands to try and force Russia, who governed Estonia at the time, to surrender. The invasion began at Vilsandi and was first noticed by Artur Toom, Vilsandi&#39;s lighthouse keeper. In 1941, Toom was arrested by the Russians, accused of undertaking counterrevolutionary activities and spying for capitalist countries, and was sent to a Stalinist work camp where he perished in 1942.</p><br>
<p>One of Vilsandis residents was Jaen Tear, a well-known seaman and shipbuilder, and the largest ship-owner on the island. He also managed the lifesaving station until his death in 1925. Jaen Tears grandson, Jaan Elmar Teär, was born in Kuressaare on 24 December 1930. In 1941, Jaan Teärs father and uncle, who were being held by the Russians at the Bishops Castle in Kuressaare, the capital of Saaremaa, were executed.</p><br>
<p>Vilsandi has produced 16 ship captains or Master Mariners, some of whom were related to Peeter All (1829-1898), a noted resident of the nearby island of Loonalaid. Such captains include Peter Mender, Johann Kalmar, Siim Roos and Johannes Mänder. Kalmar, Mender and Roos worked in the Russian Far East and China prior to World War II and in 1930 co-founded the Estonian shipping firm Merilaid & Co.</p><br>
<h3>World War II</h3><br>
<p>On 19 September 1944 about 40 of Vilsandi&#39;s 155 inhabitants escaped by boat to Sweden, evading a blockade by the Kriegsmarine. Records show that 96 people escaped from Vilsandi in 1944, during the war, followed by one who escaped in 1956 and another in 1959, by which time only 46 inhabitants remained. Of the people who were able to flee the Russians, the majority settled in Sweden and others headed to Canada and the United States.</p><br>
<p>In 1945, after World War II had ended, the Soviet Union designated all of the islands around Vilsandi a restricted area closed to the public for national security reasons.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Vilsandi became part of an Estonian national park in the early 1990s and today only a few people live there year-round. Many tourists visit in the summer months, some of which explore, by kayak, the approximately 100 small islands comprising the park. Tens of thousands of waterfowl migrate through or nest in the national park as do most of the Baltic grey seals.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Vilsandi has one of the most maritime climates in Estonia and thus it experiences generally cooler summers and milder winters than other parts of Estonia with smaller annual temperature range. Vilsandi is as well is usually the part of Estonia which receives the most hours of sunlight during a year with its weather station statistically the location with the most sunshine in Estonia.</p><br>
<p>Vevi  is a village located in the municipal unit of Meliti in Florina regional unit, Macedonia, Greece. The village is passed by two national roads which lead to Thessaloniki, Florina, Amyntaio, and Kozani. Additionally, it has a railway station on the line between Florina and Thessaloniki.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>It is mainly a farming community and is the site of the Achlada, the Vevi lignite mines from Upper Miocene.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The city dates back to Roman times. Archeological finds from this period, such as the marble torso of a male statue, are housed at the Archaeological Museum of Florina. There were 132 Christian households in the village in the first half of the 17th century. In 1845 the Russian slavist Victor Grigorovich recorded Banci as mainly Bulgarian village.</p><br>
<p>According to local tradition, the settlers who laid the foundation of the modern village included various people from the region such as Greeks, Bulgarians, Turks, etc. There were two Bulgarian schools in the beginning of 20th century.</p><br>
<p>A 1993 survey of the area found that much of the population over the age of 30 were Macedonian speakers.</p><br>
<p>Little Cranberry Lake is located within Anacortes Community Forest Lands on Fidalgo Island in the northwestern corner of the USA state of Washington. The lake is deepened by a dam on the northern end which was constructed in the 1930s. The previous dam had broken in 1921 releasing a large amount of water which crashed down the hills to the beach.</p><br>
<p>The lake basin is part of a 10-mile long, north-south wilderness corridor that roughly follows an ancient moraine, which snakes its way down the middle of the island. This moraine is a major source of gravel for the region which adjoins Anacortes, Washington. The trails in this corridor are maintained but are of variable quality. Almost all are ideal for mountain biking, in particular.</p><br>
<p>Little Cranberry Lake is a popular swimming location, especially for visitors to the annual summer music celebration, What the Heck Fest.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>Wildlife is plentiful and diverse. Coyotes, deer, beaver, grouse, pelicans, hawks, bald eagles, Canada geese, mallards, and many different varieties of reptiles and insects are plentiful in the Little Cranberry basin. Hunting is not allowed. To the south of the lake are swamplands whose size and depth has been increasing since approximately 1985, when the beavers moved in.</p><br>
<h3>Rare species</h3><br>
<p>Several varieties of orchids exist in this area that could be unique. The area around the lake was clearcut between 1890 and 1920 but some of the basin&#39;s less accessible trees, such as those on the southern end of the lake, are old growth. Until the 1950s locals say, morel mushrooms were extremely plentiful. As of 2005, morels are practically impossible to find.</p><br>
<p>The Tennessee State Capitol, located in Nashville, Tennessee, is the home of the General Assembly of Tennessee , the location of the governors office, and a National Historic Landmark. Designed by architect William Strickland , of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and Nashville, it is one of Nashvilles most prominent examples of Greek Revival architecture. It is one of only twelve state capitols  that does not have a dome.</p><br>
<h2>Design and construction</h2><br>
<p>The prominent Nashville hill top site of what is now the Tennessee State Capitol was formerly occupied by the Holy Rosary Cathedral (no longer extant), the first Roman Catholic cathedral church in Nashville (with the Diocese of Nashville at that time once comprising the entire territory of the State of Tennessee).</p><br>
<p>The State Capitol was designed by renowned Philadelphia architect William Strickland, who modeled it after a Greek Ionic temple. The prominent lantern structure located above the roof line of the Tennessee state capitol is a design based upon the Choragic Monument of Lysicrates in Athens that honors the Greek god Dionysus doing battle with Tyrrhenian pirates. The cornerstone of the Tennessee state capitol was itself laid on July 4, 1845 and the building was completed fourteen years later in 1859.</p><br>
<p>The American Society of Civil Engineers has listed the building as a civil engineering landmark in recognition of its innovative construction, which made unusually extensive use of stone and was an early example of the use of structural iron. Both the interior and exterior are built with limestone from a quarry about 1 mile (1.6 km) from the site. Some interior columns were built from single pieces of stone, requiring massive wooden derricks to hoist them into place. Wrought iron, instead of wood, was used for the roof trusses to reduce the building&#39;s vulnerability to fire.</p><br>
<p>Commercial, convict, and slave labor were used in the project. Fifteen enslaved Black men worked on carving the Capitol&#39;s limestone cellar from 1845 to 1847; Nashville stonemason A.G. Payne was paid $18 a month for their labor. It is believed to be "the most significant project where the state government rented slave labor."</p><br>
<p>Strickland died five years before the building&#39;s completion and was entombed in its northeast wall. His son, F. W. Strickland, supervised completion of the structure. William Strickland also designed the St. Mary’s Cathedral (located along the base of the capitol hill), as well as Downtown Presbyterian church located just a few blocks away from the state capitol.</p><br>
<p>Samuel Dold Morgan (1798–1880), chairman of the State Building Commission overseeing the construction of the Tennessee State Capitol, is entombed in the southeast corner near the south entrance.</p><br>
<h2>Monuments</h2><br>
<p>Monuments on the Capitol grounds include statues of two of the three Tennessee residents who served as President of the United States: Andrew Jackson by Clark Mills and Andrew Johnson by Jim Gray. The second President from Tennessee, James K. Polk, is buried in a tomb on the grounds, together with his wife, Sarah Childress Polk. Other monuments on the grounds include the Sgt. Alvin C. York Memorial by Felix de Weldon, the Tennessee Holocaust Commission Memorial, the Sam Davis Memorial at the southwest corner of the Capitol grounds, the Sen. Edward Ward Carmack Memorial located above the Motlow Tunnel near the south entrance, and the Memorial to Africans during the Middle Passage at the southwest corner of Capitol grounds. The Charles Warterfield Reliquary is a group of broken limestone columns and fragments removed and saved from the State Capitol during the mid-1950s restoration, located near the northern belvedere on Capitol Drive.</p><br>
<p>Kolbeinsey  is a small islet 105 km off the northern coast of Iceland, 74 km north-northwest of the island of Grímsey. The island is the northernmost point of Iceland and lies north of the Arctic Circle. A basalt landform, devoid of vegetation, it is subject to rapid wave erosion and is expected to disappear in the near future, probably around the year 2020, based upon current rates of erosion.</p><br>
<p>The original size of the island is unknown. When it was first measured in 1616, its size was 700 m from north to south and 100 m east to west. By 1903, it had already diminished to half that size. In August 1985, the size was given as 39 m across. At the beginning of 2001, Kolbeinsey had reduced to an area of a mere 90 m&sup2, which would correspond to the size of a circle of about 10.7 m in diameter. The island has a maximum elevation of 8 m.</p><br>
<p>A helicopter landing site was constructed on the island in 1989 but efforts to strengthen the island have subsided in part because of agreements with Denmark over limits. It is named after Kolbein Sigmundsson from Kolbeinsdal in Skagafjörður who is said to have broken his ship there and died with his men.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>A submarine eruption was reported in 1372 near the Kolbeinsey Ridge northwest of Grímsey. Kolbeinsey is the only subaerial expression of this portion of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It formed during the late-Pleistocene or Holocene. Dredged glass shards indicate submarine eruptive activity during the late-Pleistocene until at least 11,800 radiocarbon years ago.</p><br>
<h2>State of erosion</h2><br>
<p>On 9 March 2006, it was stated that helicopters were no longer able to land on Kolbeinsey. It had been found that almost a half the helipad which was laid with concrete in 1989 had been destroyed when a large piece of rock separated from the rest of the island. Kolbeinsey may disappear completely much sooner than originally expected.</p><br>
<p>King George Sound is the name of a sound on the south coast of Western Australia. Originally named King George the Third&#39;s Sound, it was referred to as King George&#39;s Sound from 1826. The name "King George Sound" gradually came into use from about 1934, prompted by new Admiralty charts supporting the intention to eliminate the possessive &#39;s&#39; from geographical names.</p><br>
<p>The sound covers an area of 110 km&sup2; and varies in depth from 10 m to 35 m and is the site of the city of Albany.</p><br>
<p>The sound is bordered by the mainland to the north, by Vancouver Peninsula on the west, and by Bald Head and Flinders Peninsula to the south. Although the sound is open water to the east, the waters are partially protected by Breaksea Island and Michaelmas Island. There are two harbours located within the sound, Princess Royal Harbour and Oyster Harbour. Each receives excellent protection from winds and heavy seas. Princess Royal Harbour was Western Australia&#39;s only deep-water port for around 70 years until the Fremantle Inner Harbour was opened in 1897.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first reported visit to King George Sound by a European was in 1791 by the English explorer Captain George Vancouver. Vancouver named it King George the Third&#39;s Sound after the reigning monarch.</p><br>
<p>The next Europeans to visit the sound were Captain Dennis of the Kingston, and Captain Dixson of the Elligood. Kingston and Elligood were whalers and while there caught three whales. Dixson left an inscribed piece copper plate behind.</p><br>
<p>Matthew Flinders anchored in the sound from 8 December 1801 to 5 January 1802 and explored the area. While he was there, his men found the copper plate Dixson had left. During this time Robert Brown (ships botanist) and Peter Good (ships gardener) collected samples of over 500 plant species.</p><br>
<p>Nicolas Baudin arrived in the sound in February 1803 aboard Le Geographe to rendezvous with Louis de Freycinet aboard the before doing further exploration of the Western Australian coastline. During the course of their stay the ship&#39;s naturalist François Péron, collected 1060 new species of shellfish and a large number of starfish from the sound.</p><br>
<p>Phillip Parker King visited the sound in 1818 aboard the cutter while en route to conduct a nautical survey of the North West Cape, and Frenchman Dumont d&#39;Urville visited it in 1826 aboard the Astrolabe.</p><br>
<p>On 25 December 1826, the New South Wales colonial government brig Amity, under the command of Major Edmund Lockyer, arrived at King George Sound to establish a possessory military settlement. Lockyer named his settlement Fredrick Town after George IIIs second son, Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, but this name never gained wide acceptance. Instead the settlement and surrounding locality were usually referred to as King Georges Sound. In 1832, Governor of Western Australia Captain (later Admiral) James Stirling declared the settlement a town and renamed it Albany, but the broader locality continued to be referred to as King George&#39;s Sound for many years.</p><br>
<p>In 1834 Robert Dale published in London a panorama print of the view from Mount Clarence accompanied by a pamphlet describing the sound and the geography, geology, flora, fauna and native inhabitants of the immediate region.</p><br>
<p>On 8 March 1836, King George Sound was visited by HMS Beagle, which anchored there for eight days. On board was the young naturalist Charles Darwin, who collected specimens on shore. HMS Beagle was on the homeward leg of its celebrated circumnavigation of the world, having already stopped off at Sydney.</p><br>
<p>Until the construction of Fremantle Harbour in 1897, King George Sound contained the only deepwater port in Western Australia, and so was the favoured location for delivery of mail and supplies from abroad to Western Australia. These were then transported to Perth and Fremantle by road or coastal shipping until the early 1890s, when the completion of the Great Southern Railway provided a quicker service.</p><br>
<p>Albany Port is located on the north shore of Princess Royal Harbour adjacent to the city of Albany. The port was first established in 1826 and has been expanded regularly since. The port now has five berths able to cater to panamax class vessels. The port typically caters for loading of about 120 vessels per annum.</p><br>
<p>In 1914, King George Sound was the last Australian anchorage for the fleet taking the first Australian and New Zealand soldiers, later to become known as Anzacs, to Egypt. A memorial to the Anzacs of the Desert Mounted Corps has been established on top of Mount Clarence. Albany was where the first commemorative dawn service was held on Anzac Day, 25 April 1923. The contribution of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, president of Turkey from 1923 until 1938 is recognised by naming the entrance into Princess Royal Harbour as Atatürk Entrance.</p><br>
<p>The Cheyne Beach Whaling Company began operating out of Frenchman Bay, located within the sound, in 1952 with a small quota of 50 humpback whales that was eventually increased to 175. At the peak of the whaling activity in the sound the company was taking between 900 and 1100 sperm and humpback whales in a year. Humpback whaling was banned in 1963 which in turn decreased the viability of the operation.</p><br>
<p>In 1978 the Cheynes Beach Whaling Company closed down after increasing environmental lobby group pressure. It was Australia&#39;s last coastal whaling company.</p><br>
<p>Installation of a shark barrier was commenced and completed in March 2016 at Middleton Beach at the north western end of the sound.</p><br>
<h2>Flora</h2><br>
<p>Dense seagrass beds still exist in King George Sound, although they have been adversely affected by increased nutrient levels and industry in the area. Some of the seagrasses present in the sound include Posidonia australis, Posidonia robertsoneae, Posidonia kirkmanii, Posidonia sinuosa, Posidonia denhartogii, Posidonia ostenfeldii, Amphibolis antarctica, Amphibolis griffithii, Halophila australis, Halophila ovalis, Ruppia megacarpa and Heterozostera tasmanica.</p><br>
<p>The fringing vegetation around the sound includes both the saltmarshes of Oyster Harbour and Princess Royal Harbour, and the sandy beach vegetation. Saltmarshes contain a variety of species including samphire, seablite, astartea, wattle, greenbush, shore rush, twig rush and saltwater paperbark</p><br>
<p>Freshwater species also occur in areas where substantial freshwater seepage occurs.</p><br>
<p>Sandy beach areas contain a mix of shrubs and sedges such as the grey white cushion bush, coast sword sedge, knotted club rush, sea rocket, pigface and false caper.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The sound comprises a wide variety of habitats that supports an abundance of marine life.</p><br>
<p>Many species of corals are present including Turbinaria frondens, Turbinaria mesenterina and Turbinaria renformis which cover an extensive area. Other coral species that can be found include Scolymia australis, Plesiastrea versipora, Coscinaraea mcneilli and Coscinaraea marshae.</p><br>
<p>A large, wild mussel population was known to exist in the sound, and now commercial mussel farms operate within the area that grow and harvest Blue mussels.</p><br>
<p>It is estimated that 203 species of fish inhabit the Oyster Harbour, Princess Royal Harbour and King George Sound, with Australian pilchards Sardinops sagax neopilchardus making up 97% of the total fish catch. Other species that are commonly found include Australian herring, leatherjackets, cobbler, King George whiting, tailor, Australian anchovy, garfish, sand trevally, tarwhine, flathead, tuna, snapper, Australian salmon, yellowtail scad, sea mullet, striped trumpeter, long-toothed flounder, dusky morwong and long-finned goby.</p><br>
<p>Seals are known to inhabit the sound in various locations along the coast and on the islands. The species that are sighted most often are the Australian sea lion and the New Zealand fur seal. Species that have been sighted, but are considered to be occasional visitors, include the subantarctic fur seal and the leopard seal.</p><br>
<p>Dolphins are also found in the area, and are occasionally caught and drowned in fishing nets or stranded. The common dolphin Delphinus delphis and the bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncates have both been recorded in the area.</p><br>
<p>Southern right whales and humpback whales frequent the area between July and October when they congregate to mate and calve in the protected waters of the sound. Other whales that have been spotted in the area include minke whales, blue whales, short-finned pilot whales, false killer whales and killer whales. Sperm whales were known to visit the sound during the whaling era but none have been sighted recently, although a pod was detected further out in the Southern Ocean in 2002.</p><br>
<p>The sound becomes a perfect habitat for migratory wading birds during the summer, when an estimated 2,000-3,000 birds flock to the area to feed in the shallow mudflats of the harbours. Some of the species that can be found during the summer months include the red-necked stint and the red knot as well as sandpipers, grey plovers, red capped plovers, lesser sand plovers, grey-tailed tattlers, whimbrels, common greenshanks, yellow-billed spoonbill, white-faced heron and stilts. Other birds that are commonly seen around the sound include cormorants, pied oystercatchers, sooty oystercatchers, Pacific gulls, Caspian terns, pelicans, ospreys and white-bellied sea eagles.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Western Australian south coast is formed along the edge of the southern margin of the Yilgarn craton and is fringed with prominent headlands composed of granite and gneisses formed during Proterozoic tectonic activity. Arcuate Bays that contain beaches backed by holocene dunes are found between the headlands.</p><br>
<p>King George Sound includes many islands and some islets, all comprising granitoid rocks with accumulations of soil on most.</p><br>
<p>Islands of note include Breaksea Island, Michaelmas Island, Seal Island, Mistaken Island, and Green Island.</p><br>
<h2>Oceanography</h2><br>
<p>The tidal range in King George Sound (including Princess Royal Harbour and Oyster Harbour) is 0.4 m with spring tidal range of 1.1 m. Tidal levels can remain static for periods of time. Semi-diurnal tides are frequent and diurnal tides are occasional.</p><br>
<p>The temperature of the water in the sound is slightly different from that of the open sea.</p><br>
<p>The salinity level within the Sound remains relatively constant ranging between 34.8 and 35.5 ‰, the lower levels occurring during heavy winter rain events when large volumes of freshwater enter the sound from the King and Kalgan rivers.</p><br>
<p>The Leeuwin Current exerts some influence in the sound as it flows eastwards along the continental shelf in the main part of the sound.</p><br>
<h2>Shipwrecks</h2><br>
<p>Many wrecks exist within King George Sound. The most recent and best known is the 133 m guided missile destroyer HMAS Perth, which was scuttled in 2001 in 35 m of water off Seal Island, to be used as a dive-site.</p><br>
<p>The former whale chaser Cheynes was sold for scrap in 1961 and was subsequently sunk between Michaelmas Island and the northern shoreline of the sound. Another chaser in the fleet, Cheynes II, was blown ashore on Geak Point near Quaranup in Princess Royal Harbour in 1990 and is still there, approximately 290 m off-shore.</p><br>
<p>The Lady Lyttleton sank in the Emu Point channel when repairs were attempted in 1867.</p><br>
<p>A wooden barque, the Fanny Nicholson was being used as a whaling vessel when it ran ashore during a gale in 1872. The remains can still be seen in shallow water in Frenchman Bay. Another whaling barque, the Runnymede, met a similar fate when it ran aground during a storm in 1881.</p><br>
<p>Two wrecks within the sound are protected under the federal Historic Shipwrecks Act 1976. These are the wooden barque Athena that sank in 1908, and the wooden boat Elvie that sank in 1923.</p><br>
<p>In 1868, Northumberland, a wooden barque laden with 2000 tonnes of coal, grounded on a reef off Bald Head near the entrance to King George Sound. The ship was freed and sailed into the sound with a broken rudder, the crew eventually abandoned ship and took to the life boats. Northumberland foundered and sank between Cape Vancouver and Breaksea Island.</p><br>
<p>Walbury Hill is a hill in Berkshire, England. It is located in the southwest of the county, close to the borders with Hampshire and Wiltshire, and around 7 km southeast of the town of Hungerford. At 297 m above sea level, it is the highest hill in Berkshire and the highest natural point in South East England , just 3 m higher than Leith Hill in Surrey.</p><br>
<p>On the hill&#39;s summit is the Iron Age hill fort of Walbury Camp. Combe Gibbet stands on the adjoining Gallows Down.</p><br>
<p>The true summit is marked by a triangulation pillar approximately 100 m from the main Test Way. Before the use of satellites was commonplace, Walbury Hill was occasionally used by the BBC as a temporary relay station during the Newbury Races. There is no metalled road across the hill, but the byway is open to all traffic and maintained with a hard gravel surface, because of its previous use by outside broadcast vehicles. The ridged summit is also popular with paragliding enthusiasts.</p><br>
<p>The site is one of three nationally important chalk grassland sites that lie within the North Wessex Downs along with Rushmore and Conholt Downs (SSSI) and part of Hog&#39;s Hole (SSSI).</p><br>
<p>Walbury Hill is the starting point for both the Test Way and the Wayfarers Walk.</p><br>
<p>There is also a small low-level circular brick building, approximately 6 feet (1.8 metres) high, on the south side of the hill. This appears to be a disused reservoir.</p><br>
<p>Augustana Academy was an educational institution in Canton, South Dakota.</p><br>
<p>The Norwegian Augustana Synod was established in 1870. In that year, the Synod began an academy called the Marshall Academy in Marshall, Wisconsin. In 1881, the academy was moved to Beloit, Iowa, and renamed to Augustana Seminary and Academy. In 1884 the institution, now simply called Augustana College, moved from Beloit to Canton, South Dakota. It included Augustana Academy for high school students.</p><br>
<p>In 1917 the Norwegian Synod, Hauge Synod and the United Norwegian Lutheran Church in America merged to become the Norwegian Lutheran Church of America. The new synod combined Augustana College with Lutheran Normal School in Sioux Falls, some 25 miles away. The Normal School was from the Norwegian Synod. Augustana Academy, no longer a division of the college, remained in Canton. Augustana Academy closed in 1971. Since Augustana Academy closed, its records are held by Augustana College in Sioux Falls.</p><br>
<h2>Notable alumni</h2><br>
<p>Carl Braaten, America theologian</p><br>
<p>Ernest O. Lawrence, pioneer in nuclear medicine. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the first nuclear cyclotron. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory are named in his honor.</p><br>
<p>Ole Rølvaag, well known for his writings on the Norwegian American immigrant experience on the Great Plains. Among other writings, he was author of Giants in the Earth.</p><br>
<p>Archie M. Gubbrud, 22nd Governor of South Dakota</p><br>
<p>Mary Hart, longtime host of Entertainment Tonight</p><br>
